Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Microalgae Using Microwave: Kinetic of Transesterification Reaction Using CaO Catalyst (original) (raw)
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Different technologies have been employed for biodiesel production among which the application of microwaves has been found very promising. Microwaves are a part of electromagnetic waves between the radio frequency and infrared frequency ranges. In terms of power consumption, microwaves are relatively more efficient than conventional heating methods used for biodiesel production. Various parameters could affect microwave-assisted biodiesel production, including catalyst type and concentration, microwave power, reaction temperature, type of alcohol and alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, free fatty acids and water contents of oil as well as stirring rate. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain an in-depth understanding about the impacts of these parameters on biodiesel production process. This would be in achieving optimal values of these parameters and consequently enhanced reaction efficiencies could be achieved. According to the published literature, homogenous basic catalysts and higher microwave powers as well as elevated temperatures and alcohol contents could result in enhanced biodiesel production. This review present and critically discusses these parameters while also looks into the combination of microwave technology with other methods such as ultrasonication for improved biodiesel production.
2017
Demands for alternative fuels such as biodiesel are increasing because of decreasing of fossil fuel sources and its environmental concerns. However, the resulting biodiesel plant origin safflower, canola, peanut oil, etc. at the same time hold an important place in the food sector, the biodiesel production is the most important limiting factor. One of the most important vegetable oil sources is microalgae oil, because of high oil content of the seeds such as 31-68%. The yield of transesterification reaction is too high because microalgae oil can be dissolved in alcohol easily. In this study, parametric experiments were done using microwave heating system in order to obtain biodiesel by transesterification reaction of microalgae oil using KOH as a catalyst. Effect of catalyst ratio, reaction temperature and time on transesterification of microalgae oil were investigated. Microwave assisted transesterification of cottonseed oil under the conditions of 1.5% catalyst-oil ratio, 60 o C t...
A review on microwave-assisted production of biodiesel
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012
Energy is the most important necessity for human existence on the earth. Limited crude petroleum resources and increasing awareness regarding the environmental impacts of fossil fuels are driving the search for new energy sources and alternative fuels. Biodiesel is a fuel which is renewable, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic in nature and has attracted considerable attention during the past decades. The costs of feedstock and the production process are two major hurdles to large-scale biodiesel production in particular. Various technologies have been developed to reduce the production cost. This paper attempts to extensively review microwave-assisted technology for biodiesel production. Additionally, different types of feedstocks for biodiesel production have been summarized in this paper. It is concluded that the microwave-assisted technique reduces the reaction time significantly in comparison with conventional methods. In addition, a high quality biodiesel can be obtained from microwave-assisted transesterification of different kinds of oils. Finally, the energy payback for 1kg biodiesel produced by microwave-assisted technology is calculated in this paper and it indicated that the system is sustainable. Therefore it can be a suitable method of decreasing the cost of biodiesel and can also help the commercialization of this fuel.
Application of Microwave Energy for Biodiesel Production using Waste Cooking Oil
Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018
An experimental study has been carried out to produce biodiesel from different kinds of feedstock. Operating parameters have been optimized with respect to percentage yield of production and viscosity. The most common method for production of biodiesel is transesterification. Palm, karanja, mahua, linseed and castor oil are among the few of the non-edible oils. Along with this waste cooking oil can also be considered as non-edible oil as it is mostly thrown away. The process of transesterification depends on various factors like reaction temperature, stirring rate, molar ratio, amount of catalyst and reaction time. Depending upon the acid value, the number of steps of transesterification was determined. If free fatty acid is greater than 2.5% then two step transesterificaton is carried out. Karanja and mahua oil undergo two-step process because of high FFA content. The main objective of the study was to optimize the reaction parameters for production of biodiesel from different kinds of oil based on kinematic viscosity and percentage of yield obtained.
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WSEAS Transactions on Environment and …, 2008
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Continuous microwave-assisted biodiesel production
2016
The impetus of this study focuses on the production of fuel-substitute i.e. biofuels. This arises from its similar properties with petroleum diesel and being environmentally benign. In particular, biodiesel is defined as composed of mono-alkyl esters with long fatty acids chains. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effect of surface area of the reactor vessel when producing biodiesel using continuous microwave-assisted transesterification. The effects of energy input on FAME yields and biodiesel properties were determined. Three different tubular reactor coils with same volume (100 ml) and different surface area (0.082, 0.057, and 0.045 m 2) were used in this study. The experiments were carried out in one of these reactors, with a constant 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and constant 1wt% KOH catalyst, varying residence time (40, 50, and 60 s) and 400, 500, 600 W microwave powers. According to results, the highest FAME yield was obtained at 50 s residence time, 400 W microwave power with an energy input of 67.96 J/g at reactor surface (0.082 m 2). A further increase of power usage led to a decrease in FAME yields. Produced biodiesel was analysed using gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transformer infrared spectrometer (FTIR) eraspec, Eraflash, and Viscometer. Biodiesel was tested according to SANS 1935 standard specification. The properties of produced biodiesel met the SANS 1935 standard specification. Viscosity and oxidation stability did not meet the requirements. It was noticed that when oxidation stability values are low, the viscosity decreases. An antioxidant plays a pivotal role to stabilise biodiesel.
Biofuels including biodiesel, an alternative fuel, is renewable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic and low emissions. The raw material used in this work was coconut oil, which contained saturated fatty acids about 90% with high percentage of medium chain (C 8-C 12), especially lauric acid and myristic acid. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of power and NaOH catalyst in transesterification assisted by microwave for production of biofuels (biodiesel and bio-kerosene) derived from coconut oil. The reaction was performed with oil and methanol using mole ratio of 1:6, catalyst concentration of 0.6% with microwave power at 100W, 180W, 300W, 450W, 600W, and 850W. The reaction time was set at of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 min. The results showed that microwave could accelerate the transesterification process to produce biodiesel and bio-kerosene using NaOH catalyst. The highest yield of biodiesel was 97.17 %, or 99.05 % conversion at 5 min and 100W microwave power. Meanwhile, the bio-kerosene obtained was 65% after distillation.
Microwave technology for the biodiesel production: Analytical assessments
Fuel, 2012
This article describes the conversion of sunflower oil into biodiesel by transesterification using microwave heating. In order to further reduce the time for reaching the fixed temperature, experiments were carried out in the presence of different pebbles: glass beads, ceramic pieces, carborundum. The quality of biodiesel obtained has been tested by means of a gas chromatograph. The results indicate that microwave heating and the use of carborundum have effectively decreased the reaction time: from 540 s without pebbles to 90 s with carborundum.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019
The current research focuses on process optimization and kinetic study of microwave-assisted transesterification process using KOH and CaO catalyst from waste cotton-seed cooking oil (WCCO). In order to enhance the biodiesel yield, process parameters: methanol to oil ratio (A), catalyst loading (B) and reaction time (C) were optimized by applying response surface methodology based on full factorial design method. It was found that for KOH catalyzed condition, the optimum values for A, B and C are 7:1, 0.65 (w/w) % and 9.6 min, respectively and the model predicted yield is 96.44%. For CaO catalyzed condition, the optimum values for A, B and C are 9.6:1, 1.33 (w/w) % and 9.7 min, respectively and the predicted yield is 89.94%. Experiments were performed using the optimized parameters and the mean biodiesel yield determined for KOH and CaO catalyzed conditions are 96.55 ± 0.23% and 90.41 ± 0.02%, respectively which shows good agreement with model predictions. Analysis of perturbation plots showed that catalyst loading is the most sensitive variable. Considering pseudofirst-order kinetic, the activation energies were obtained and found to be 13.05 kJ mol-1 and 28.93 kJ mol-1 respectively for KOH and CaO catalyzed conditions. The activation energy observed for microwave-assisted method are significantly lower compared to that of conventional method. The scale-up study (with 10 fold batchsize) and energy analysis have been done for KOH and CaO catalyzed conditions whereas reusability was performed with CaO catalyst. It was observed that up to four cycles the biodiesel yield achieved was more than 90%. In microwave-assisted process, efficency factor found to be higher as compared to conventional method. The produced biodiesel properties fulfill fuel specifications designated as per ASTM D6751 standard. The outcome of microwave-assisted transesterification study enhances biodiesel yield and significantly decreases the reaction time, thus making it energy-efficient technique.
Biodiesel Production from Microalgae with Trans-esterification Method Using Microwave
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Microalgae has a highly potential to be biodiesel fuel due to its high lipid content. The research used Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae refer to high lipid content (approximately 68%). The objectives of this research are to study edible oil extraction process from Nannochloropsis oculata, to study the effect of microwave on biodiesel yield using KOH catalyst, time reaction as well as catalyst percentage. The trans-esterification process was carried out on microwave with lipid molar-methanol comparison of 1:10, microwave power, reaction time and catalyst composition were also varied. It was found that the addition of co-solvent (addition n-hexane) seems to give the best result in terms of yield, i.e. 54.19%, which was obtained at a 600-watt microwave power, reaction time of 40 min, and 2.5% catalyst concentration. The fatty acid consists of several major constituents, such as palmitic acid 84.81%, oleic acid 12.41% stearic acid 1.87% and linoleat 0.88%. It can be concluded from th...