The Association between Maxillomandibular Sagittal Relationship and Pharyngeal Airway Passage Dimensions (original) (raw)
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IP Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research, 2020
The pharynx is a tube shaped structure that extends superoinferiorly from the cranial base to the level of the inferior surface of the sixth cervical vertebra. A nasal breather may change to a mouth breather because of an obstruction in the nasal or pharyngeal airway. In addition, pharyngeal narrowing is a commonly described characteristic in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate whether the upper and lower airway dimensions are affected by the sagittal and vertical skeletal variables. Materials and Methods: The pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of 140 patients aged between 16years to 26 years were traced for the study. For each subject angular and linear cephalometric parameters were measured. Continuous variables were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of mean difference between the groups was done by Tukey's post hoc test. A two-sided (α = 2) P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion: in this study, we found a significant difference among Class I subjects with three different vertical growth pattern. Hyperdivergent patients had statistically significant narrower upper and lower pharyngeal width when compared to normodivergent and hypodivergent growth patterns. Patients with Class II malocclusions have significantly narrower upper and lower pharyngeal airways than those with Class I and Class III malocclusions.
Pharyngeal Airway and Craniocervical Angle among Different Skeletal Patterns
BioMed Research International, 2021
Purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharyngeal airway dimensions and their correlations among the craniocervical angle and skeletal patterns. Materials and Methods. Cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 300 patients (≥15 years of age), of whom 150 were male patients and 150 were female patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to their skeletal patterns. The following dimensions were measured: NP: nasopharyngeal airway; PS: shortest distance from the soft palate to the pharyngeal wall; MP: Me-Go line intersecting the pharyngeal airway; TS: shortest distance from posterior tongue to pharyngeal wall; LP: laryngopharyngeal airway; UE length: shortest distance from the uvula to the epiglottis; PW: width of soft palate; PL: length of soft palate; ANB angle; palatal angle; and craniocervical angle. Paired t -test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation were applied for statistical analysis. The null hypothesis wa...
An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions
The European Journal of Orthodontics, 2011
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oropharyngeal (OP) and nasal passage (NP) volumes along with various airway variables of patients with normal nasorespiratory functions having different dentofacial skeletal patterns and to evaluate the correlations between different variables and the airway. One hundred and one patients (57 males and 44 females, aged 14-18 years) having pre-treatment cone beam computed tomography images and complete medical records were selected. The patients were divided into fi ve groups as Class I (CI, 81
Radiographic Assessment of Upper Airway Size in Skeletal Sagittal and Vertical Jaw Discrepancies
2014
Background and Aim: An important factor in the process of diagnosis and orthodontic treatment planning is patient’s respiratory function that has a direct correlation with the upper airway size. The aim of this study was to measure and compare nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airway volumes in Iranian subjects with sagittal (Class I, II and III) and vertical (normodivergent, hyperdivergent and hypodivergent) jaw discrepancies using standard cephalometric radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of orthodontic patients were evaluated to assess the size of upper airway space including the nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. In order to assess airway dimensions in patients with sagittal and vertical discrepancies, subjects were divided into two large groups of normal sagittal and normal vertical patterns. Airway size was measured in sagittal plane in 50 subjects with normal vertical patter...
Evaluation of pharyngeal airway space amongst different skeletal patterns
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2012
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dimensions of the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in awake, upright children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The volume, area, minimum axial area and seven linear measurements of PAS were obtained from the CBCT images of 50 children (mean age 9.16 years). The patients were divided in two groups according to the ANB angle (group I 28 ANB 58; group II ANB > 58). Means and standard deviations of each variable were compared and correlated using independent t-test and Pearson's correlation test. There were statistically significant differences in the following parameters: angle formed by the intersection between NA and NB lines (p < 0.001), angle formed by the intersection between SN and NB lines (p < 0.05), Minimal pharyngeal airway space between the uvula and the posterior pharyngeal wall (p < 0.05), airway volume (p < 0.01), airway area (p < 0.01) and minimum axial area (p < 0.05). The anteroposterior cephalometric variable SNB had positive correlation with the variables PAS-UP (p < 0.01), Minimal pharyngeal airway space between the uvula tip and the posterior pharyngeal wall (p < 0.05), Pharyngeal airway space on mandibular line (p < 0.05), Minimal pharyngeal airway space between the back of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall (p < 0.05), volume airway (p < 0.05), airway area (p < 0.05) and minimum axial area (p < 0.05). The vertical cephalometric variables angle formed by the intersection between SN and GoGn lines (p < 0.05) and angle formed by the intersection between FH and mandible plane (p < 0.05) showed negative correlation with PAS-UT. These results showed that PAS was statistically larger in group I than group II, indicating that the dimensions of the PAS are affected by different anteroposterior skeletal patterns.
PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY SPACE IN DIFFERENT SKELETAL MALOCCLUSION AND FACIAL FORMS
Background: Evaluation of the upper and lower airway space should be an integral part of diagnosis and treatment planning to achieve the functional balance and stability of the result after orthodontic or orthognathic treatment. This study aimed to analyze the pharyngeal airway space in different skeletal malocclusion and facial forms. Methods: Study was carried out in lateral cephalometric radiographs of 210 patients. Data was collected from March 2021 to December 2021. Pharyngeal airway spaces were analyzed according to McNamara Analysis. Upper and lower pharyngeal airway in different skeletal malocclusion and facial form was determined. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 20. Independent samples-t test was applied for gender distribution and Pearson correlation test was applied for upper and lower pharyngeal space. Results: The mean value of upper pharyngeal airway width in Class I, II and III were 12.07 mm, 11.57 mm and 12.34 mm respectively and for Mesofacial, Dolichofacial and Brachyfacial facial form were 12.35 mm, 11.83 mm and 11.81 mm respectively. Similarly, the mean value for lower pharyngeal airway width in Class I, II and III were 9.51 mm, 9.13 mm and 10.03 mm respectively and for Mesofacial, Dolichofacial and Brachyfacial facial form were 9.62 mm, 9.34 mm and 9.61mm respectively. Male had higher value of mean lower pharyngeal width than female. Conclusions: There was no impact of sagittal skeletal malocclusion on the upper and lower airways width. Also, there was no impact of different vertical skeletal types or facial forms on the upper and lower airways width.
Pharyngeal Airway Space Dimensions and Hyoid Bone Position in Various Craniofacial Morphologies
2021
To assess the relationship of pharyngeal airway dimensions and the position of the hyoid bone in several craniofacial morphologies among Nepali adults. To assess the relationship between dimensions of the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone and compare gender dimorphism. The cross-sectional observational research comprised lateral cephalograms of 150 subjects aged 16 to 30 years. Samples were separated into three sagittal craniofacial morphological groups based on the ANB (A point, nasion, B point) angle and into gender groups. Different parameters (linear and angular) for measuring dimensions of the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone were assessed. An ANOVA test and a Pearson correlation test were performed. Dimensions of the pharyngeal airway were largest in skeletal Class III when compared to skeletal Class I and Class II subjects, with a lower pharyngeal airway space and the length of the nasal fossa being significantly larger. The hyoid bone was anter...
The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2014
The aim of this study was to quantify the changes in pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in patients with a skeletal class II malocclusion managed by bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy for mandibular advancement, using threedimensional (3D) registration. The sample comprised 16 patients (mean age 21.69 AE 2.80 years). Preoperative (T0) and postoperative (T1) computed tomography scans were recorded. Linear, cross-sectional area (CSA), and volumetric parameters of the velopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were evaluated. Parameters were compared with paired samples t-tests. Highly significant changes in dimension were measured in both sagittal and transverse planes (P < 0.001). CSA measurements increased significantly between T0 and T1 (P < 0.001). A significant increase in PAS volume was found at T1 compared with T0 (P < 0.001). The changes in PAS were quantified using 3D reconstruction. Along the sagittal and transverse planes, the greatest increase was seen in the oropharynx (12.16% and 11.50%, respectively), followed by hypopharynx (11.00% and 9.07%) and velopharynx (8.97% and 6.73%). CSA increased by 41.69%, 34.56%, and 28.81% in the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and velopharynx, respectively. The volumetric increase was greatest in the oropharynx (49.79%) and least in the velopharynx (38.92%). These established quantifications may act as a useful guide for clinicians in the field of dental sleep medicine.
Pharyngeal airway dimensions in skeletal class II: A cephalometric growth study
Imaging Science in Dentistry, 2017
Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal dimensions of individuals with skeletal class II, division 1 and division 2 patterns during the pre-peak, peak, and post-peak growth periods for comparison with a skeletal class I control group. Materials and Methods: Totally 124 lateral cephalograms (47 for skeletal class I; 45 for skeletal class II, division 1; and 32 for skeletal class II, division 2) in pre-peak, peak, and post-peak growth periods were selected from the department archives. Thirteen landmarks, 4 angular and 4 linear measurements, and 4 proportional calculations were obtained. The ANOVA and Duncan test were applied to compare the differences among the study groups during the growth periods. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the skeletal class II, division 2 group and other groups for the gonion-gnathion/sella-nasion angle. The sella-nasion-B-point angle was different among the groups, while the A-point-nasion-B-point angle was significantly different for all 3 groups. The nasopharyngeal airway space showed a statistically significant difference among the groups throughout the growth periods. The interaction among the growth periods and study groups was statistically significant regarding the upper oropharyngeal airway space measurement. The lower oropharyngeal airway space measurement showed a statistically significant difference among the groups, with the smallest dimension observed in the skeletal class II, division 2 group. Conclusion: The naso-oropharyngeal airway dimensions showed a statistically significant difference among the class II, division 1; class II, division 2; and class I groups during different growth periods.
Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2015
Human beings are normally nasal breathers. The nasal and the oral cavities serve as pathways for respiratory airflow, however in some individuals due to nasal airway inadequacy or habit; the oral cavity becomes the predominant route for the respiratory airflow. [1] Changes in the dimensions of the respiratory tract that is, constriction can cause a decrease in airflow at times. [2] There are significant relationships between the pharyngeal dimensions and craniofacial abnormalities. [3] Literature supports the notion that mandibular deficiency is frequently associated with a narrower pharyngeal airway passage. [4] Using computed tomography (CT), Trenouth and Timms [5] found that the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the nasal cavity are not uniform and the changes in the nasal dimensions are progressively less toward the back of the nasal cavity. Mean cross-sectional nasal cavity enlargements of between 1.4 and 4 mm for rapid expansion, 0.8 mm for a quad helix, and 0.5 mm for a removable appliance have been reported. [6,7] According to Saitoh, [8] the growth of the face (excluding the mandible) is completed at a relatively early age. Sixty percent of craniofacial development takes place during the first 4 years of life and 90% by age 12. Based on these observations, any intervention to open the airway must take place at an early