Permeability and Structural Changes Induced by Phytochrome in Lipid Vesicles (original) (raw)
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In Vivo Properties of Membrane-bound Phytochrome
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 1974
After a 3-minute irradiation with red light, which saturates the phototransformation from the red light-absorbing form of phytochrome to the far red light absorbing form of phytochrome, about 40% of the phytochrome extractable from hooks of etiolated squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Black Beauty) can be pelleted as Pfr at 17,000g after 30 minutes. Dark controls yield only 2 to 4% pelletable phytochrome in the form Pr. If a dark period intervenes between red irradiation and extraction, the bound Pfr gradually loses its photoreversibility. The time course for this destruction parallels the time course for phytochrome destruction in vivo following saturating red irradiation. The soluble fraction of phytochrome remains constant. These results suggest that in squash seedlings phytochrome destruction is related exclusively to the fraction which becomes memnbrane-bound. The induction of phytochrome binding by red light is not completely reversible by far red. In plants given saturating red followed immediately by saturating far red light, 12 % of the phytochrome is found in the bound fraction as Pr if the phytochrome extraction is immediate. If a dark period intervenes between red-far red treatment and extraction, the bound phytochrome is released within 2 hours. A model of the binding properties of phytochrome, based on molecular interaction at the membrane is proposed, and possible consequences for the mechanism of action of phytochrome are discussed.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1980
The net proton-hydroxyl permeability of large unilamellar liposomes has been measured by an acid-base pulse titration technique and has been determined to be several orders of magnitude greater than that measured for other monovalent ions. This permeability is relatively insensitive to variations in lipid composition. Proton permeability and hydroxyl permeability vary with pH 6 to 8, and this variation can occur in the absence of alterations in surface charge density resulting from titrations of acidic and basic groups on the lipids. In order to account for the exceptionally high proton-hydroxyl permeability with respect to other monovalent ions, we propose that protons or hydroxyls or both interact with clusters of hydrogen-nded water molecules in the lipid bilayer, such that they are transferred across the bilayer by rearrangement of hydrogen bonds in a manner similar to their transport in water and ice.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1981
Biliverdin dimethyl ester has been incorporated into liposome membranes. When the incubation of the bilindione was carried out at room temperature without external perturbation, the helically coiled conformation initially predominated in all cases. It persisted in the gel-type liposomes, but changed on standing in the more fluid liquid-crystalline liposomes to stretched conformation(s). The same irreversible change could also be effected by heating to a temperature above the phase transition temperature, and by sonication of the bilindione-containing liposomes. Stretched species consequently were the only forms contained in liposomes which had been prepared by exhaustive cosonication of bilindione and lipid. A study of the influence of zinc ions on the bilindione-containing liposomes and of the zinc complex of bilverdin dimethyl ester incorporated into liposomes demonstrated that the pigment was incorporated into the lipophilic part of the liposome bilayer. The absorption spectra of freshly incorporated coiled bilindione were all similar. The spectral characteristics of incorporated stretched BVE were complex, e.g., a red-shifted vis band was selectively exhibited in the liposomes of the unsaturated lipids. The conformational analysis was carried out by fluorescence and membrane-induced circular dichroism. The determination of the final emission quantum yields showed that the conformationally flexible bilindione fluoresced more efficiently in the membranes than in ethanolic solution. The rigid zinc complex of biliverdin dimethyl ester had similar quantum yields in ethanol and in the membranes. The variations in the former case reflected a decrease in the rate of radiationless relaxation processes owing to conformational constraints in the highly ordered molecular environment of the membranes. The time dependence of the photoacoustic signal and fluorescence intensities indicated that a thermally reverting photoisomerization of BVE selectively occurred in the gel-type liposomes. The analysis of the changes in absorption coefficients and Stokes shifts with conformational changes revealed a similar geometry of ground and excited states of stretched BVE conformers, and a larger difference in the case of the coiled form.
Biophysical studies and intracellular destabilization of pH-sensitive liposomes
Lipids, 2000
We examined changes in membrane properties upon acidification of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterylhemisuccinate liposomes and evaluated their potential to deliver entrapped tracers in cultured macrophages. Membrane permeability was determined by the release of entrapped calcein or hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS)-p-x ylene-bis-pyridinium bromide (DPX); membrane fusion, by measuring the change in size of the liposomes and the dequenching of octadecylrhodamine-B fluorescence; and change in lipid organization, by 3 1 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurement of cell-associated fluorescence and confocal microscopy examination were made on cells incubated with liposomes loaded with HPTS or HPTS-DPX. The biophysical studies showed (i) a lipid reorganization from bilayer to hexagonal phase progressing from pH 8.0 to 5.0, (ii) a membrane permeabilization for pH <6.5, (iii) an increase in the mean diameter of liposomes for pH <6.0, and (iv) a mixing of liposome membranes for pH <5.7. The cellular studies showed (i) an uptake of the liposomes that were brought from pH 7.5-7.0 to 6.5-6.0 and (ii) a release of ~15% of the endocytosed marker associated with its partial release from the vesicles (diffuse localization). We conclude that the permeabilization and fusion of pH-sensitive liposomes occur as a consequence of a progressive lipid reorganization upon acidification. These changes may develop intracellularly after phagocytosis and allow for the release of the liposome content in endosomes associated with a redistribution in the cytosol.
Journal of Membrane Biology, 2005
Supramolecular aggregates containing cationic lipids have been widely used as transfection mediators due to their ability to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules and biological membranes. First steps of the process leading to transfection are partly electrostatic, partly hydrophobic interactions of liposomes/lipoplexes with cell and/or endosomal membrane. Negatively charged compounds of biological membranes, namely glycolipids, glycoproteins and phosphatidylserine (PS), are responsible for such events as adsorption, hemifusion, fusion, poration and destabilization of natural membranes upon contact with cationic liposomes/ lipoplexes. The present communication describes the dependence of interaction of cationic liposomes with natural and artificial membranes on the negative charge of the target membrane, charges which in most cases were generated by charging the PS content or its exposure. The model for the target membranes were liposomes of variable content of PS or PG (phosphatidylglycerol) and erythrocyte membranes in which the PS and other anionic compound content/ exposure was modified in several ways. Membranes of increased anionic phospholipid content displayed increased fusion with DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane) liposomes, while erythrocyte membranes partly depleted of glycocalix, its sialic acid, in particular, showed a decreased fusion ability. The role of the anionic component is also supported by the fact that erythrocyte membrane inside-out vesicles fused easily with cationic liposomes. The data obtained on erythrocyte ghosts of normal and disrupted asymmetry, in particular, those obtained in the presence of Ca 2+ , indicate the role of lipid flipflop movement catalyzed by scramblase. The ATP-depletion of erythrocytes also induced an increased sensitivity to hemoglobin leakage upon interactions with DOTAP liposomes. Calcein leakage from anionic liposomes incubated with DOTAP liposomes was also dependent on surface charge of the target membranes. In all experiments with the asymmetric membranes the fusion level markedly increased with an increase of temperature, which supports the role of membrane lipid mobility. The decrease in positive charge by binding of plasmid DNA and the increase in ionic strength decreased the ability of DOTAP liposomes/lipoplexes to fuse with erythrocyte ghosts. Lower pH promotes fusion between erythrocyte ghosts and DOTAP liposomes and lipoplexes. The obtained results indicate that electrostatic interactions together with increased mobility of membrane lipids and susceptibility to form structures of negative curvature play a major role in the fusion of DOTAP liposomes with natural and artificial membranes.
Proton-hydroxide permeability of liposomes
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1983
Liposome permeability to net proton-hydroxide flux was compared under two conditions that have produced extreme values in previous studies.
Analytical Biochemistry, 1991
An ultrarapid filtration method was adapted to the determination of water and solute permeability of membrane vesicles. This method consisted of measuring substance washout from vesicles first loaded with 3H2O or labeled solutes, placed on filters, and rinsed at high rates for short periods. The retention of the vesicles on the filters was analyzed and was found to be a function of the nature and porosity of the filters as well as of the vesicle origin. Washing buffer flow rate and washing duration did not affect vesicle retention. The diffusional water permeability of cholesterol-free liposomes was determined at 16 degrees C. Its value was reduced by a factor of 2.5 when the liposomes were prepared with 20% cholesterol and a threefold increase was noted when the liposomes were preincubated with gramicidin (6 mg/g lipid). Water permeability of liposomes was strongly temperature-dependent: Ea = 15.3 kcal/mol. Diffusional water permeability of pink ghosts was also measured: a value of (4.4 +/- 0.2) X 10(-3) cm/s (n = 3) was obtained at 13 degrees C. This permeability was reduced by 45.2% with 0.4 mM HgCl2. The urea permeability of intestinal and renal brush-border membrane vesicles was (1.15 +/- 0.18) X 10(-6) cm/s (n = 7) and (1.67 +/- 0.08) X 10(-6) cm/s (n = 9), respectively. The renal value was reduced by a factor of 4.4 by 100 mM thiourea. This ultrarapid filtration technique provides an accurate method of transport measurement in sealed membranes such as liposomes and plasma membrane vesicles.
The present study investigates the effect of the preparation method (four methods) and formulation additives (propylene glycol (PG) and cholesterol (CH)) on the entrapment efficiency (EE) of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6 (VB6)), representing hydrophilic water-soluble low permeable vitamins, in unilamellar liposomes. The main aim is to compare determined EE with predicted values generated using a web-published, computational model. Results showed that among the different preparation methods, modified film hydration showed significantly higher EE (p50.05). With regard to formulation additives, PG (5% w/v) produced smaller vesicles size with narrow size distribution. Agreement between determined and model-generated EE values was more evident in formulae with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index (PdI) below 0.23). Formulae containing PG showed slightly higher determined than predicted EE values indicating vitamin–phospholipid bilayer interaction. Meanwhile, agreement between determined and predicted EE was limited to VB6-to-phospholipid ratio below (1.2:2). The comparison provided further insight into the usefulness of the prediction model factors affecting agreement between determined and predicted EE data.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016
Many drug delivery system and carriers has been developed to improve the bioavailability like immunoglobins, erythrocytes, reverse micelles, 4 phytosomes, pharmacosomes etc. Water soluble flavonoid molecules can be converted into lipid-compatible molecular complexes which is known as phytosomes. The meaning of " phyto" is plant and