Skin Cleansing without or with Compromise: Soaps and Syndets (original) (raw)
Related papers
International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 2019
Cosmetic industry which has gained much interest when it comes to daily based products involving skin care and many essentials enhancing and beautifying an individual. Focusing on skin care products bar soaps, liquid or gels of body wash, cleansers etc. having much demand in cosmetic sector past decade. Taking into the account preparation of body washes and cleansers using syndets i.e. synthetic surfactants leads to skin related issues like dryness, itching, after wash tightness, stratum corneum layer damage, dermatitis etc. Replacement of synthetic surfactants with mild synthetic and/or natural ones is having much wide scope for industries who develops the natural surfactants and make sure that replacement of same will lead to the better application while reducing the skin related issues. During 1950's synthetic surfactants/ detergents in the form of bars are introduced. Since then body soaps and cleansers are under research which can be efficacious still less harsh causing minimal damage to the skin barrier. Cleansers including mild synthetic surfactants and/or emollients for moisturization that cause minimal barrier perturbation are ideal for these patients. A brief review of four clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy and compatibility of either mild syndet bars or cleansers in patients with atopic dermatitis, acne, and rosacea was taken. Much research and review were done on natural, mild, and biosurfactants. Biosurfactants are considered as safe and produced using nonpathogenic yeasts, bacteria, and fungi leading to the production of diverse groups of biosurfactants shows antimicrobial, antifungal like properties which makes them more applicable in many daily products. Along with this addition of emollients like oils, butters, derivatives of alkanes and alcohols lead to form preparations which are having moisturizing effects and properties of surfactants which helps to keep the skin intact and moisturized.
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2013
Introduction The addition of hydrophobically modified polymers (HMPs) to cleansers that contain surfactants can create polymer-surfactant complexes that are less irritating to the skin than commercially available mild cleansers. Our objective was to compare the tolerability and efficacy of a test foaming liquid facial cleanser containing HMPs with a commercial liquid nonfoaming facial cleanser in women with sensitive skin. Methods In this randomized, prospective, double-blind, comparative study, women (n = 20 per group) with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD), eczema, acne, or rosacea used a test gentle foaming liquid facial cleanser containing HMPs or a commercial gentle liquid nonfoaming facial cleanser daily for 3 weeks. Investigators assessed irritation and skin condition. Study subjects also assessed their skin properties and the performance of each cleanser. Results Clinicians as well as study subjects consistently rated the test cleanser as effective or slightly more effective at improving symptoms than the commercial cleanser, although no significant differences between groups were observed. At weeks 1 and 3, respectively, more users of the commercial cleanser reported irritation (20% and 10%) than users of the test cleanser (5% and 5%). In addition, subject selfassessments of skin condition and cleansing properties were slightly more improved with the test cleanser than with the commercial cleanser. Conclusions Both the test foaming cleanser containing HMPs and the commercial nonfoaming cleanser were effective and well accepted by most women in the study. Improvements were observed by both clinicians and subjects in the group using the test cleanser containing HMPs in all evaluated skin categories.
Correlation between pH and irritant effect of cleansers marketed for dry skin
International journal …, 2002
Background Although it is important that dermatologists and the general population know the irritation potential of products marketed for dry skin used for body cleansing, this information is not usually available. Objective To assess the irritative effect of different soaps and liquid cleansers recommended for sensitive skin. To study the correlation of the irritation effect of each substance with its pH and with the presence or absence of syndet in the product. Methods Seventeen products marketed for dry skin and 12 common soaps used by the general population were studied. Fresh soap emulsions (8%) were applied to the volar side of the right forearm of 30 individuals with sensitive skin for 5 consecutive days using aluminum chambers. The appearance of irritation (erythema, scaling and fissures) was recorded, scored, and expressed in an Irritation index (IrIn). The pH of each solution was measured. Results Products with a low IrIn were White Dove TM (Dove, Lever Pond's, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Dove Baby TM , Cetaphil TM (bar) (Cetaphil, Gulderma Lab., Forth Worth, TX, USA), Dove liquid cleanser for hands TM , Dove pink TM , and Aderma TM (Adenma, Pierre Fabre, Dermo-Cosmetique, Boulagne, France). Most corresponded to syndet products. Among the most used brand-name soap, Camay Classic TM (Camay, Procter & Gamble de Mexico, México, U.F.) had the lowest IrIn. Dove Baby TM was the only product with a neutral pH. A significant correlation between pH and the IrIn of cleansers was found (P < 0.006). Conclusions Most products recommended for sensitive skin have a considerable irritation effect, which is related to the pH of the product. Better regulation of advertisement specifications including the pH level and type of cleanser contained is necessary for the majority of soaps and cleansers.
Effect of soaps and detergents on epidermal barrier function
Clinics in Dermatology, 2012
The past decade has witnessed an explosion of new impartial information about the complex interaction of the skin with topically applied substances, including soaps and detergents. Despite of all these new data, our knowledge on the exact pathomechanism and molecular events leading to detergentinduced barrier dysfunction remains incomplete and the answers continue to elude us.
Cleansing Formulations That Respect Skin Barrier Integrity
Surfactants in skin cleansers interact with the skin in several manners. In addition to the desired benefit of providing skin hygiene, surfactants also extract skin components during cleansing and remain in the stratum corneum (SC) after rinsing. These side effects disrupt SC structure and degrade its barrier properties. Recent applications of vibrational spectroscopy and twophoton microscopy in skin research have provided molecular-level information to facilitate our understanding of the interaction between skin and surfactant. In the arena of commercial skin cleansers, technologies have been developed to produce cleansers that both cleanse and respect skin barrier. The main approach is to minimize surfactant interaction with skin through altering its solution properties. Recently, hydrophobically modified polymers (HMPs) have been introduced to create skin compatible cleansing systems. At the presence of HMP, surfactants assemble into larger, more stable structures. These structures are less likely to penetrate the skin, thereby resulting in less aggressive cleansers and the integrity of the skin barrier is maintained. In this paper, we reviewed our recent findings on surfactant and SC interactions at molecular level and provided an overview of the HM technology for developing cleansers that respect skin barrier.
ANTISEPTIC SOAPS AND BODY CLEANSING AGENTS AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE NORMAL FLORA OF THE HUMAN SKIN
World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Science, 2021
Studies have shown that plain and antiseptic soaps are effective in keeping the skin from microbial contaminants. However, prolong use of antimicrobial soaps has been implicated with potential health challenges. This present research was carried out to determine the effects of some selected antiseptic soaps and cleansing agents on the bacterial flora of the skin based on its potential influence on the total aerobic bacterial flora on five skin sites. Based on treatment exposure, the result showed that subjects exposed to antiseptic soaps alone had mean aerobic bacterial count ranging from 137±40.0Cfu/cm2 to 461±75.51Cfu/cm2 . Furthermore, it was observed that individuals who were exposed to antiseptic soaps + cleansing agents had mean aerobic counts ranging from 90±50.83Cfu/cm2 to 307±83.93Cfu/cm2 , while the mean aerobic bacterial count from the control subjects ranged from 282±83.93Cfu/cm2 to 834±118.82Cfu/cm2 . ANOVA result revealed that there was significant differences (p<0.05) in the mean aerobic bacterial count across the treatment groups. Altogether 120 bacterial isolates were characterized from 180 subjects. Among them, 80 isolates (66.7%) were Gram positive while 40 isolates (33.3%) were Gram negative bacteria. Coagulase negative Staphylococci (35%) was the most dominant skin bacterial flora, followed by Coagulase positive Staphylococci (20%), Escherichia coli (16.7%), Bacillus spp (11.7%), Proteus spp (6.7%), Klebsiella (5.8%) and Pseudomonas spp (4.2%). This study reveals that antiseptic products should be carefully used because its over- utilization may reduce the resident skin flora, thereby creating a void for opportunistic organisms which could lead to several attendant skin and detrimental health effects.
The Influence of Detergents on Skin Barrier Properties
Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1992
The influence of surfactants on the changes in skin barrier properties was investigated in rats. Various ionic and non-ionic surfactants were assessed using indomethacin as a model penetrant. The surfactants appeared to either increase or decrease the skin permeability, due to the properties of both compound and surfactant. Ionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate was the most powerful and exceeded controls by approximately 10 times measured by means of serum levels of indomethacin. Other surfactants caused concentration increase or decrease of indomethacin in serum. Surfactants have been shown to influence transdermal penetration in a number of ways. Increase in flux (Chowhan & Pritchard 1978; Gershbein 1979) as well as reductions (Zatz 1983) have been frequently reported. There are also reports of no influence on absorption (Bettley 1965). Surfactant molecules contain hydrophobic sections, usually aryl or alkyl chains and a hydrophylic head group. They can be nonionic or ionic, (cationic, anionic or amphoteric). They tend to concentrate at phase interfaces reducing interfacial surface tension (Attwood & Florence 1984). Our experiments were carried out on rats. The animals were exposed to various detergents mixed in carboxyvinyl polymer gel for a period of 24 hours. Indomethacin as an indicator of changes in skin barrier properties was applied simultaneously. The detergents challenged in this study represented ionic and non-ionic compounds (CHAPS, CHAPSO, n-octyl-P-D-glucoside, MEGA-8, MEGA-9, MEGA-10, n-heptyl-D-thioglucoside, octyl-P-D-thioglucoside and sodium dodecylsulfate). They were used in 1% concentration, which in all cases is above c.m.c. (critical micelle concentration). Materials and Methods Materials. The following detergents were used CHAPS-(3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylaminol-1-propanesulfonate), CHAPSO-([3cholamidopropyl) dimethylamino]-2-hydroxy-1-propane-sulfonate), n-octyl-P-D-glucoside-(n-octyl-P-D-glucopyranoside), MEGA-8-(octanoyl-N-methylglucamide), MEGA-9-(nonanoyl-N-methylglucamide), MEGA-10-(decanoyl-N-methylglucamide), n-heptyl-P-Dthioglucopyranoside and n-octyl-P-D-thioglucopyranoside, all purchased from Dojindo Laboratories (Kurnamoto, Japan). Sodium dodecylsulfate was supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., (Tokyo, Japan). Indomethacin was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company. Carboxyvinyl polymer, marketed as "HIVIS-WAKO 105" was supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. Octyl p-hydroxybenzoate (p-hydroxybenzoic acid kthylhexyl ester) used as an internal standard for an HPLC assay was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Other chemicals were of reagent grade.
International journal of cosmetic science, 2015
Skin irritation in personal cleansing has been correlated to surfactant binding with stratum corneum proteins. Polar and non-polar oils are increasingly being used in cleansing formulations which contain high (10-15%) level of anionic and non-ionic surfactants. However, the effects of oils in modulating skin damage from a cleansing product have not been studied in any detail. The objectives of this study are to determine if low-viscosity polar and non-polar oils differ in their ability to reduce surfactant-induced skin irritation and, if so, how it might be related to their interactions with proteins. Surfactant-induced skin irritation was measured by a 14-day in-vivo cumulative patch irritation test. The methodology was similar to the well known soap chamber test. Surfactant interactions with the water soluble protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) in presence of oils were measured by conductometric titration. The effects of low-viscosity polar and non-polar oils on stratum corneum pr...