Plant Pathogenesis and Resistance (original) (raw)
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Plant-Pathogen Interactions: A Brief Insight into a Complicated Story
2016
Pseudomonas syringae is a bacterial plant pathogen that can lead to heavy losses in crop production. This bacteria is a very good model to study the infection processes, as it can cause disease in Arabidopsis thaliana, a well-studied plant model. This text presents an overview of the bacterial pathogenesis from a molecular biology perspective, and explains the role of plant responses in stopping the spread of the infection. Plant hormones are important elements for plant defence. Their role and how the pathogen interferes with their action will be discussed further. Normal 0 21 false false false HR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; ...
How do plants defend themselves against pathogens-Biochemical mechanisms and genetic interventions
Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2022
In agro-ecosystem, plant pathogens hamper food quality, crop yield, and global food security. Manipulation of naturally occurring defense mechanisms in host plants is an effective and sustainable approach for plant disease management. Various natural compounds, ranging from cell wall components to metabolic enzymes have been reported to protect plants from infection by pathogens and hence provide specific resistance to hosts against pathogens, termed as induced resistance. It involves various biochemical components, that play an important role in molecular and cellular signaling events occurring either before (elicitation) or after pathogen infection. The induction of reactive oxygen species, activation of defensive machinery of plants comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components, secondary metabolites, pathogenesis-related protein expression (e.g. chitinases and glucanases), phytoalexin production, modification in cell wall composition, melatonin production, c...
Induced Plant Defenses Against Pathogens And Herbivores: Biochemistry, Ecology And Agriculture
Ecological Entomology, 2000
independently, largely oblivious to the advances and traditions of the other discipline. Recently, intense interest in the transduction signals that plants employ to mediate induced responses has made it clear that these two kinds of plant reactions share much in common. One aim of this overview and of this volume is to allow these two disciplines to converse and to learn from their similarities and differences.
Current advances in pathogen-plant interaction between
2021
Verticillium wilt is the second serious vascular wilt caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. It has distributed worldwide, causing serious yield losses and fiber quality reduction in cotton production. The pathogen has developed different mechanisms like the production of cell wall degrading enzymes, activation of virulence genes and protein effectors to succeed in its infection. Cotton plant has also evolved multiple mechanisms in response to the fungus infection, including a strong production of lignin and callose deposition to strengthen the cell wall, burst of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of defene hormones, expression of defense-related genes, and target-directed strategies like cross-kingdom RNAi for specific virulent gene silencing. This review summarizes the recent progress made over the past two decades in understanding the interactions between cotton plant and the pathogen Verticillium dahliae during the infection process. The review also ...
2018
Naturally, plant habitats are exposed to several potential effects of biotic and different abiotic environmental challenges. Several types of micro-organisms namely; bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals and other herbivorous animals are found in large amounts in all ecosystems, which lead to considerable reduction in crop productivity. These organisms are agents carrying different diseases that can damage the plants through the secretion of toxic-microbial poisons that can penetrate in the plant tissues. Toxins are injurious substances that act on plant protoplast to influence disease development. In response to the stress effect, plants defend themselves by bearing some substances such as phytoalexins. Production of phytoalexins is one of the complex mechanisms through which plants exhibit disease resistance. Several findings specifically on phytoalexins have widen the understanding in the fields of plant biochemistry and molecular biology. However, this rev...
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 1974
The results presented demonstrate that microbial pathogens of plants have the ability to secrete proteins which effectively inhibit an enzyme synthesized by the host; an enzyme whose substrate is a constituent of the cell wall of the pathogen. The system in which this was discovered is the anthracnose-causing fungal pathogen (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and its host, the French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). An endo-3-1 , 3-glucanase present in the bean leaves is specifically inhibited by a protein secreted by C. lindentuthianum. The cell walls of C. lindemnuthianum are shown to be composed largely of a 1,3-glucan.
Plant Immunity and Pathogen Interfering Mechanisms: Effectors and Bodyguards
There is an arm race between plants and their pathogens, by fungi, and bacteria, as well as between plants and insects. Plant proteases are hydrolytic enzymes, grouped on the basis of the catalytic amino acid, as serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, or metal dependent activity. Plant-fungi interactions, as well as plants with other invaders, have been elucidated in recent years, showing an evolutionary adaptation of hosts and invaders to produce proteases and evolve new protease inhibitors. Interactions between protease inhibitors and the target proteases provide information on the ways organisms interact and defend themselves from pathogens, recognizing symbionts from parasite organisms. A comparative analysis of protease inhibitors in plants with sequenced genomes have been recently performed. In the analysis of PIs, protease biochemical assays, protein-protein interaction studies and protease chips were used to analyze constitutive and inducible inhibitors under different conditions. Recently, activity-based protease profiling (ABPP) was used to differentiate enzymes tissue specificity, and roles in various physiological and pathological states. Specificities of PIs toward different protease (serine and cysteine proteases) can allow to selectively and differentially bind and detect various proteases. In this review we summarize the most recent knowledge on plant pathogens and the mechanisms they evolved to circumvent plant defences among which pathogen effectors, proteases and proteases inhibitors. Finally, we introduce the recent findings on pathogen bodyguards, proteins interfering with plant defence mechanisms or decoys, mimicking Transcription Activator Like Effectors (TALE). It is envisaged that further advances in understanding the function of pathogen effectors will provide new ways to improve plant immunity and mechanisms of defence against their pests.