The Fog of Things Paradigm: Road toward On-Demand Internet of Things (original) (raw)

The fog computing for internet of things: review, characteristics and challenges, and open issues

Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

The internet of things (IoT) research envisions a world in which common place objects are linked to the internet and trade, store, process, and gather data from their surroundings. Due to their inherent resource limitations, IoT devices are typically unable to directly host application services, despite their increasing importance for facilitating the supply of data to enable electronic services. Since it can survive and work in tandem with centralized cloud systems and extends the latter toward the network edge, fog computing (FC) may be an appropriate paradigm to get around these restrictions. This paper reviews the overview of the IoT in terms of application and design parameters and FC. Meanwhile, this paper presents the architecture of fog computing for IoT (FC-IoT) in terms of communication, security, data quality, sensing and actuation management, codification, analysis, and decision-making. Additionally, this review provides several characteristics and challenges of FC-IoT. Finally, open issues for this paper have been discussed. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Large-Scale Software-Defined IoT Platform for Provisioning IoT Services on Demand

2020

Internet of things (IoT) has developed into an interconnected platform infrastructure for providing everyday services. Emerging end-to-end IoT services are being developed for local and multiple distributed regions. To realize the on-demand services in a timely and economically beneficial way, programmability and reusability are crucial for provisioning and reusing IoT resources. Existing IoT platforms are rigid and cannot be easily adapted to accommodate new services. This paper proposes a programmable large-scale software-defined IoT model for provisioning IoT services on demand with two levels of management and orchestration. One orchestrates services over geographically distributed clusters and the other orchestrates services over IoT devices within a cluster. The model entails the design of IoT-specific controllers, software-defined virtual sensors, and a new protocol for managing resource-constrained but enriched devices. The model allows provisioning and resource-sharing of e...

Fog/Edge Computing-Based IoT (FECIoT): Architecture, Applications, and Research Issues

IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2019

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is the future of the Internet, where everything will be connected. Studies have revealed that Fog/Edge Computing (FEC)-based services will play a major role in extending the cloud by carrying out intermediary services at the edge of the network. Fog/Edge Computing-based IoT's (FECIoT) distributed architecture enhances service provisioning along the Cloud-to-Things continuum, thereby making it suitable for mission-critical applications. Furthermore, the proximity of fog/edge devices to where the data is produced makes it standout in terms of resource allocation, service delivery, and privacy. From the business perspective, FECIoT will lead to a boom and spring up of small-to-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), thereby encouraging inclusion for all. To this end, we present a comprehensive survey on state-of-the-art IoT literature over the period 2008-2018 and propose the FECIoT framework which covers the enabling technologies, services, and open research issues. A tutorial approach is employed, progressing from basic to more advanced concepts within the IoT domain. Lastly, we show how FECIoT can be deployed in real-life Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) such as the intelligent transportation system, smart grid, smart health-care, smart homes, and smart environment.

Fog Networks: A Prospective Technology for IoT

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering , 2021

Cloud computing is currently the most sought-after solution for almost all of enterprise problems. Distinguishing features of the Cloud are ease of service and lesser hassle on the client end. These services come with a hefty price. Cloud services face issues of delay, slower connectivity and security. Fog Computing answers these downsides by providing nearer-to-ground and ever available Internet connection to nodes. Fog Computing relies on multiple, smaller clouds, nearer to ground. Internet of Things is the next logical leap for Internet. It envisions creating an environment wherein various heterogeneous devices can communicate with each other via internet. Enabling Internet of Things requires uninterrupted Internet connection and an interpreter. Both these features are intrinsically present in Fog Computing. Hence, this paper proposes Fog as the expected ground for enabling Internet of Things.

Fog Computing and the Internet of Things: A Review

With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the classic centralized cloud computing paradigm faces several challenges such as high latency, low capacity and network failure. To address these challenges, fog computing brings the cloud closer to IoT devices. The fog provides IoT data processing and storage locally at IoT devices instead of sending them to the cloud. In contrast to the cloud, the fog provides services with faster response and greater quality. Therefore, fog computing may be considered the best choice to enable the IoT to provide efficient and secure services for many IoT users. This paper presents the state-of-the-art of fog computing and its integration with the IoT by highlighting the benefits and implementation challenges. This review will also focus on the architecture of the fog and emerging IoT applications that will be improved by using the fog model. Finally, open issues and future research directions regarding fog computing and the IoT are discussed.

Role of Fog Computing in IoT-Based Applications

Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications, 2019

Internet of things (IoT) services have been accepted and accredited globally for the past couple of years and have had increasing interest from researchers. Internet of Things (IoT), requires mobility support and geo-distribution in addition to location awareness and low latency. We argue that a new platform is needed to meet these requirements; a platform we call Fog Computing. Fog Computing extends the Cloud Computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. The patent concept of fog computing is currently attracting many researchers as it brings cloud services closer to the end-user. The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of fog computing in IOT based applications.

Complexity of IoT world - Review of challenges and opportunities in application development

2023 International Conference on Smart Computing and Application (ICSCA)

Internet of Things (IoT), as a concept has envisioned devices around us and devices that is used on bodies to collaborate and co-exist between both devices and bodies in harmonythereby enhancing the quality of life and living conditions directly or indirectly. Realization of this vision requires that IoT provides an open extensible platform for enabling huge network of machines to collaborate with one another. Huge networks such as these provide immense opportunities in a multitude of diverse fields with wide ranging applications. There are many technical, operational, application and management challenges in the areas of building this unique platform owing to the diversity in the kind of applications and the devices (both new and legacy) supporting them. This paper introduces the main challenges of IoT development, applications, and standardization. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing the opportunities and prospects of IoT.

IoT and IoE prototype for scalable infrastructures, architectures and platforms

International Robotics & Automation Journal

Internet of Things (IoT)is the third wave of economy after the first and second being agriculture and industry, respectively, paving the way for the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). IoT is a combination of all the revolutionary technologies in the last two centuries. More than a billion of smart devices have been developed across the world by more than 10 vendors to satisfy billions of needs that are trusted by 98% of economic actors. This study describes design and implementation of IoT architectures stressing on scalability, integration, and interoperability of heterogeneous IoT systems. It gives answers toi) how systems can be designed to become easily configurable and customizable for a specific IoT infrastructure? And ii) how Investors, producers and consumers can be integrated on the same page of an IoT platform? We have developed a master database and directories from top chart IoT nomenclature, frameworks, vendors, devices, platforms and architectures and gathered data from 27 big online resources commonly used by Forbes, Business week and CNBC. Also, datasheets of IoT equipment by vendors (e.g. Intel, IBM, ARM, Microchip, Schneider, and CISCO), used tools (e.g. Lab center Proteus, AutoCAD and Excel), and platforms (e.g. Visual Studio, Eclipse) are combined to build directories of plethora of data. The main outcome of this work culminates in providing a seamless solution and recommendations for various infrastructures (hardware and software), for effective and integrated resource utilization and management in an IoT perspective.

The Internet of Things, Fog and Cloud continuum: Integration and challenges

Internet of Things

The Internet of Things needs for computing power and storage are expected to remain on the rise in the next decade. Consequently, the amount of data generated by devices at the edge of the network will also grow. While cloud computing has been an established and effective way of acquiring computation and storage as a service to many applications, it may not be suitable to handle the myriad of data from IoT devices and fulfill largely heterogeneous application requirements. Fog computing has been developed to lie between IoT and the cloud, providing a hierarchy of computing power that can collect, aggregate, and process data from/to IoT devices. Combining fog and cloud may reduce data transfers and communication bottlenecks to the cloud and also contribute to reduced latencies, as fog computing resources exist closer to the edge. This paper examines this IoT-Fog-Cloud ecosystem and provides a literature review from different facets of it: how it can be organized, how management is being addressed, and how applications can benefit from it. Lastly, we present challenging issues yet to be addressed in IoT-Fog-Cloud infrastructures.