Chemical Ecology and Microbial Quality Assessment of Water of Recreational Hot Springs of Sikkim Himalayas (original) (raw)
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Microbial ecology of two hot springs of Sikkim: Predominate population and geochemistry
The Science of the total environment, 2018
Northeastern regions of India are known for their floral and faunal biodiversity. Especially the state of Sikkim lies in the eastern Himalayan ecological hotspot region. The state harbors many sulfur rich hot springs which have therapeutic and spiritual values. However, these hot springs are yet to be explored for their microbial ecology. The development of neo generation techniques such as metagenomics has provided an opportunity for inclusive study of microbial community of different environment. The present study describes the microbial diversity in two hot springs of Sikkim that is Polok and Borong with the assist of culture dependent and culture independent approaches. The culture independent techniques used in this study were next generation sequencing (NGS) and Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis (PLFA). Having relatively distinct geochemistry both the hot springs are thermophilic environments with the temperature range of 50-77 °C and pH range of 5-8. Metagenomic data revealed ...
Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2013
Fenced by the geo-political features all around, Sikkim sits magnificently in the lap of The Himalayas with Mount Khanchengdzonga signifying the peaks of divinity and cultural proximity. Sikkim is the natural ecological host to many Hot springs of geothermal characteristics. Hot Springs of Sikkim are regarded as ethical and holistic elements having importance of locale panacea. Hot springs are any natural geothermal spring or a natural discharge of groundwater with elevated temperature with respect to the surrounding. The characteristics or the suitability of these hot springs for human use is determined by its chemical constituents. Most of the Hot Springs is rich in several kinds of chemicals and minerals. Presence of these chemicals and minerals along with higher temperature of these hot springs determine its balneotherapeutic properties. The average temperature of the studied Hot springs being 60°C according to Kent classification as “Scalding” can be regarded as the best ecolog...
IJEMR, 2018
Background/Objectives: The natural spring (dhara) is the main source of drinking water in North Sikkim. Though it is pure water for drinking and other domestic purposes, it gets polluted with various environmental factors. Methods/Statistical analysis: The study was performed to assess the quality of spring water. A total of nine sampling sites were selected at an interval of four months, i.e. monsoon, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon during August 2015-July2016. Findings: All the spring water samples were analyzed in terms of physical properties, heavy metals like copper, lead, iron, chromium, cadmium and bacterial characteristics such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Proteus sp, Citrobacter sp, Enterobacterclocae etc. In the study all the observed results were compared with Bureau of Indian Standard. Improvements/Applications: All the results of physical parameters and heavy metals were found within the permissible limit except the range of pH and iron shows slightly higher concentration than permissible limit. During monsoon, isolation of organisms was recorded in significant percentage followed by post-monsoon and pre-monsoon.
Water Quality of Hot Water Unkeshwar Spring of Maharashtra, India
International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2013
Physical, chemical, ionic, biological studies were conducted at hot springs Unkeshwar in (Maharashtra State, India). It is positioned on south east corner of Maharashtra. Unkeshwar is situated on the bank of river Penganga. Objective: This papers aims to study the physical, chemical and biological properties in the ecological system of Unkeshwar spring. Methods: The physical and chemical parameters were analyzed as per APHA. Results: The physical parameters included: Temperature, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Total suspended solids and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters included: pH, free carbon-dioxide, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, Phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, Salinity. Ionic parameters like chloride, phosphate, sulphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, chromium and manganese. Also the biological parameters studied standard plate count and most probable number. Conclusions: The water quality comparison of ...
Comparative analysis of microbial diversity in two hot springs of Bakreshwar, West Bengal, India
Genomics data, 2017
Various aspects of hot springs at Bakreshwar (Lat. 23°52′48″N; Long. 87°22′40″E) in West Bengal, India have been investigated since the middle of 20th century, but comprehending the complete diversity and the complexity of the microbial population therein has been in the continuing process. Some of these microorganisms are found to have immense industrial importance. Microbes generally exist in milieus of varying complexities and diversities. Attempting the usually employed cultivation-based techniques in experimentation with those microbes had confronted various limitations. To overcome these limitations a strategy based on highthroughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis was employed for studying the differential diversity and the detailed nature of microbial population of the two hot springs of Bakreshwar (54°C & 65°C). Paired-end libraries of amplified V-3 hyper-variable 16S rDNA fragments from sets of samples that varied in their contents, ranging from a single bacterium to highly complex communities were sequenced. The comparison revealed the differential aspects in the two hot spring waters; the samples at 54°C showed the bacterial phylum Firmicutes (65.85%) and Synergistetes (27.24%) predominating and those from hot spring water at 65°C showed the abundance of the phyla Firmicutes (96.10%) and Proteobacteria (3.36%). The presence of Archaea in the hot springs could not be ascertained.
International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2017
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. T...
2021
Thermal hot water samples were collected in 2017 from six different hot springs from eastern and southeastern Turkey's (Agri, Van, Sirnak, Mardin, Siirt and Erzurum). During the study period, the analysis of various physicochemical properties of the water samples and the diversity of microorganisms in the hot springs were investigated. During the study period, eleven physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrogen dioxide, ammonium, nitrate, iron, aluminum, copper, lead and sulfur were studied. Five different bacterial strains have been detected in one or more of different hot springs. The electrical conductivity (EC) was ranged from 942,8 mS/cm to 5,158 mS/cm in the water of the hot spring. The conductivity and pH value of only Hista thermal source were determined as 942.9 (mS/cm) and 9.1. In all other sources the conductivity varied above 1000 (mS/cm) and the pH between 6.9 and 8.5. The NO2 value ranges of the hot springs are determined as 0.254 to 0.613 mg/L. The source temperatures of the hot spring water were determine minimum and maximum temperature values for Agri (Davut and Kopru), Erzurum (Pasinler), Van (Hasanabdal), Siirt (Hista), Mardin (Dargecit) and Sirnak (Guclukonak), (62-78°C), (40-46°C), (60-66°C), (62-67°C), (59-62°C) and (59-67°C) respectively. In terms of physical and chemical properties, it was observed that there are generally differences in the hot spring waters.
Water quality and biology of hot springs waters of Mahapelessa , Sri Lanka
2015
One of the major hot springs areas in Sri Lanka is located in Mahapelessa, Hambanthota district. This study was designed as a preliminary study of the biological and physicochemical properties of hot water wells. Two hot springs (A and B) and one normal well (C) located within 300 m distance were selected. Water samples were collected from the surface, middle and bottom layers of the wells biweekly during August to October 2013 and the water was filtered using 30 μm mesh from the vertical column of bottom to surface for analyzing the biology. The mean temperature values were 44.1 ± 0.5 C, 33.6 ± 1.0 C and 27.8 ± 0.7 C respectively in the wells of A, B and C. There was no significant difference of pH, DO and Phosphate concentrations among the two hot springs the normal well. However, salinity, nitrate and total hardness in the wells A and B were significantly different from the normal well (p<0.05, post hoc) and conductivity was significantly different among the three water source...
A taxonomic description of bacteria was deduced from 5.78 Mb metagenomic sequence retrieved from Tulsi Shyam hot spring, India using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). Metagenome contained 10893 16S rDNA sequences that were analyzed by MGRAST server to generate the comprehensive profile of bacteria. Metagenomic data are available at EBI under EBI Metagenomics database with accession no. ERP009559. Metagenome sequences represented the 98.2% bacteria origin, 1.5% of eukaryotic and 0.3% were unidentified. A total of 16 bacterial phyla demonstrating 97 families and 287 species were revealed in the hot spring metagenome. Most abundant phyla were Firmicutes (65.38%), Proteobacteria (21.21%) and unclassified bacteria (10.69%). Whereas, Peptostreptococcaceae (37.33%), Clostridiaceae (23.36%), Enterobacteriaceae (16.37%) were highest reported families in metagenome. Ubiquitous species were Clostridium bifermentans (17.47%), Clostridium lituseburense (13.93%) and uncultured bacterium (10.15%). Our data provide new information on hot spring bacteria and shed light on their abundance, diversity, distribution and coexisting organisms.
First report on Bacterial Diversity of Potable Spring water of Indian Himalayan Region
Water quality of a region directly corroborates with the health index of people. People in the Himalayan hills mainly depend upon the spring water for potability. To determine the microbial ecology of the spring waters of Sikkim, the variable region of 16S rRNA has been sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Phylum wise annotation showed the East and North district are mostly dominated by Proteobacteria (41% and 35.80%), whereas West and South district is dominated by Planctomycetes (38.46%) and Verrucomicrobia (33%). The consistent dominance phyla in the all the four districts were Bacteriodetes (34-24%) which was highest dominancy in North district and lowest in wets district. Genus wise distribution showed the abundance of Brevifolis, Flavobacterium, Verrucomicrobia subdivision3, Emticica, Cytophaga, Prosthecobacter, Planctomycetes, Varivorax, Arcicella, Isosphera, Sedimunibacterium etc. The East district showed highest dominancy of genus Emticicia whereas Planctomycetes in the West dis...