800' Inundation of the Giza Plateau 12,800 Years Ago. (original) (raw)
Related papers
Quaternary lakebed deposits have been recorded in different parts across Arabia, which are now drained by the eastward flowing drainage networks from Al Sarawat Mountains. The analyses of digital elevation model (DEM), satellite images, and geological maps show that the lakebed deposits are mainly contained within a great arch depression occupying the trough between Al Sarawat Mountains in the west and the escarpment of Tuwaiq in the east and Hadarmawt plateau in Yemen from the south to Wadi Sirhan depression near the Syrian-Jordanian border in the north. The basins within this mega-depression have been interconnected by tributary flows which was consequent in the northward direction. The conspicuous ridge of Tuwaiq, which extends northward for about 800 km and rises for approximately 200 m above its western floor, has been breached by numerous subsequent deep incised canyons and funnel-shaped cuts carved at different elevations. The formation of several wadi canyons and funnel cuts along the entire extent of Tuwaiq clearly suggests that the breaching of this conspicuous escarpment was sudden and rapid, as the northern outlet of this mega-lake was insufficient to discharge the water. The overflow arms have developed extensive alluvial fans on the Arabian coast; the fan of Wadi Al Batin covered approximately 60,000 km 2 in South Iraq, Kuwait, and northeastern parts of Saudi Arabia. The age dating of the Quaternary deposits in different localities suggests the occurrence of this event between 13,000 and 8,500 years before present; however, the discrepancies could be related to technical issues or the scouring of older bed deposits and its entrainment in the younger deposits of this great flood.
4000BC Tsunamis, Floods and Diluvial Showers
IFNP - 000-2023, 2023
In this document I will present of a subject that has occupied my mind for many years now, this being how to explain the massive flood plains of the Tagus basin where I live. While in North America these geomarkers have a clear cause going back to the Younger Dryas, where I live there is no chance it was produced by the melting of ice for it never came close enough to justify what can be seen in the land. I have been collecting papers and data but I still lacked the Academic support to my hypothesis on how they were form. This because the studies that I required are scarce and hard to find. I am finally in a position where I can contrive a sound explanation to the dramatic changes in human culture that happened some 6000yrs ago.
Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3340-3366, 2013
Sediment accretion in ancient urban sites and tells records a combination of cultural and geomorphic processes. Urban geoarchaeology is focused on site accumulation, collapse, weathering and erosion, as constrained by architectural plans and structures. These may document settlement growth and decay, as well as environmental history, posing a multidisciplinary challenge of interactive and fluctuating processes. Part of aWorld Heritage site, the Lost City of the Pyramids (Heit el-Ghurab), at the desert and floodplain margins of Giza, was centered on a Workmen’s Town that channeled the roles of seasonal workmen, artisans, and administrators during construction of the Menkaure Pyramid and preparation of the funerary cult for that pharaoh (w2532e2503 BCE). Built across a normally dry wadi course, the site was badly chosen and vulnerable to a coeval high-amplitude precipitation anomaly of perhaps 120 yr, during which mudbrick meltdown, catastrophic flash floods, and mass-movements destroyed the royal complex of mudbrick galleries, workshops and bread-making kilns once every 4 years or so. In addition, thick alluvial fans advanced 1 km or more across the Nile floodplain, before dissection was initiated by downcutting channels. Despite this dynamic environmental history, the site was repeatedly rebuilt and ruined, with structural and human consequences. This Old Kingdom (Dynasty 4) paleoclimatic anomaly did not however support a significant improvement of Saharan ecology, and summer monsoonal rains never extended this far north (30N). Such a destructive period of extreme precipitation is novel for the Holocene record of the NE Sahara, and requires a synoptic explanation in the mid-latitude jet stream, rather than the tropical monsoonal circulation, to contradict current theoretical expectations. This anomaly was repeated on a subdued scale during the Early Middle Ages. Nile floods did not impinge upon the site during Old Kingdom times, but were demonstrably higher w700 BCE, and again during Early Roman or Coptic times. Residual subdisciplinary problems are identified and explicitly discussed in terms of the strategies and structure of multidisciplinary investigation.
Quaternary lakebed deposits have been recorded in different parts across Arabia, which are now drained by the eastward flowing drainage networks from Al Sarawat Mountains. The analyses of digital elevation model (DEM), satellite images, and geological maps show that the lakebed deposits are mainly contained within a great arch depression occupying the trough between Al Sarawat Mountains in the west and the escarpment of Tuwaiq in the east and Hadarmawt plateau in Yemen from the south to Wadi Sirhan depression near the Syrian-Jordanian border in the north. The basins within this mega-depression have been interconnected by tributary flows which was consequent in the northward direction. The conspicuous ridge of Tuwaiq, which extends northward for about 800 km and rises for approximately 200 m above its western floor, has been breached by numerous subsequent deep incised canyons and funnel-shaped cuts carved at different elevations. The formation of several wadi canyons and funnel cuts along the entire extent of Tuwaiq clearly suggests that the breaching of this conspicuous escarpment was sudden and rapid, as the northern outlet of this mega-lake was insufficient to discharge the water. The overflow arms have developed extensive alluvial fans on the Arabian coast; the fan of Wadi Al Batin covered approximately 60,000 km 2 in South Iraq, Kuwait, and northeastern parts of Saudi Arabia. The age dating of the Quaternary deposits in different localities suggests the occurrence of this event between 13,000 and 8,500 years before present; however, the discrepancies could be related to technical issues or the scouring of older bed deposits and its entrainment in the younger deposits of this great flood.
HYPOTHESIS OF GREAT FLOOD: LAKE LISAN DELUGE
During a study on reconstruction of Lake Lisan levels, a scenario of a Great Flood emerged from the study, when the level of Lake Lisan rose abruptly high as -170 m amsl from a low stand near 33 ka BP. The level fell down again very quickly as determined in the study. This Jordan Rift Valley Flood existed at the mid span and peak of a Global Flood which hit the Earth between 36 and 30 ka BP, indicated by a rapid level rise in Global Seas in this period. There are a number of local flood events characterized by heavy rains and thawing of glaciers existed in this period, mentioned in the studies of scholars all over the world, confirming a flood condition all over the northern hemisphere of the Earth in this period. There is an astonishing resemblance in the details of Rift Valley Flood and the Flood narrative of Genesis.50 in its Chapters 6, 7 and 8, such as time of flood, intensity of flood and center of catastrophe. There are many other details in Genesis like place of Ark building, shape of the Ark and the place of Ark resting. These details are collected as a data base and used in developing a Hypothesis on Great Flood. The radioactive fossil water in the Disi Aquifer, Jordan is the suspected remain of Great Flood waters. Also the remains of Chalcolithic Temple Ein Gedi, Israel are the remains of a monument, suspected to be built in the memory of Noah’s Ark on the original resting site of Ark, which was last occupied and maintained by the people of Chalcolithic Age.
12,800 years ago, Hellas and the World on Fire and Flood
JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY AND EARTH SCIENCES
The controversial large cosmic impact hypothesis (~12,800 years BP) over the Northern Hemisphere explains not only wildfires everywhere but also the rapid cooling of the Younger Dryas by destabilizing and melting parts of the Laurentide and probably Fennoscandian Ice Shield; flooding large parts of North America and draining into the North Atlantic, which caused a slowdown or shutdown of warm water northward. The assumption of an impact origin of the approx. 20 km in diameter and only 100 m deep bowl-shaped size of the Holocene Pagasitic Gulf (Thessaly, central Greece), is based on a large negative gravimetric residual anomaly and Quaternary morphotectonic criteria along its shores, the shape of embankments and mountainous surroundings; such as collapse structures, slumping and landslides. Quaternary surficial cataclastic and brittle deformation from macroscopic to microscopic scale is present in many locations; e.g. micron size close-spaced planar fractures (PF"s) in quartz and calcite. A modeled 1km comet with a density of 1500kg/m 3 and an impact velocity of 50km/s fitted best all observed ground parameters, that generated airburst overpressures of 242 MPa causing cataclysmic wild fires and subsequent flooding.
An Introduction to Flood-aware Modeling for the Third Millennium BC, part 1
A thorough reconstruction of world history after the Flood must begin with looking at the full range of possible outcomes. Possible biblical dates for the Flood fall within the 3rd and late 4th millennium BC and vary over 1,106 years. Choices in biblical interpretation differ mainly between the Septuagint vs. the Masoretic Text and the long vs. the short sojourn. Uncertainties in secular dating are also quite large. All early dates depend upon Egypt and Mesopotamia, and historians disagree by centuries over dating the beginning of the 1st millennium BC and the entire 2nd millennium BC for either region. Radiocarbon dates can confirm neither high nor low historical dates, only adding to the confusion. What little writing that does exist for the 3rd millennium BC is misleading and useless for absolute dating; radiocarbon dating appears to be exponentially distorted by the catastrophic Flood. Relying therefore upon biblical date ranges, we construct eight scenarios for the Flood and Babel and attempt to synchronize secular history with these end points. The choice of Eridu as Babel provides the most favorable option for aligning with archeological periods.
On the Waterfront: Canals and Basins in the Time of Giza Pyramid Building
I present a synopsis of a reconstruction of water transport infrastructure below the Giza Pyramids Plateau in the 4th Dynasty (c. 2500 MB) based on evidence from contours in the floodplain as of 1977, core drillings and trenches for the late 1980s AMBRIC project to install a waste water system, and subsequent excavations to make foundations for modern buildings. 4th Dynasty structures exposed by these interventions provide benchmarks for the level of the ancient floodplain (c. 12.00-12.5 m asl) and boundaries for waterways and basins. This study reverses the conclusion reached in the article, "Capital Zone Walkabout, Spot Heights on the Third Millennium Landscape," to the effect that waterways and basins filled with Nile water could not have reached the pyramid valley temples nor the base of the plateau. In 2009 the AERA team found the northern end of an artificial basin directly east of the Khentkawes Town and northeast of the Menkaure Valley Temple, with its bottom at least as low as the predictions for the level of the 4th Dynasty flood plain. In a consilience of discovery, German colleagues found an artificial basin east of the so-called Valley Temple of the Bent Pyramid at south Dahshur, about 1 km up the wadi from the floodplain. The evidence for the water transport infrastructure at Giza as here reconstructed will appear in more detail in a forthcoming article, "Lake Khufu, On the Waterfront at Giza: Modeling Water Transport Infrastructure at 4th Dynasty Giza.” In, Profane Landscapes, Sacred Spaces, M. Bárta and J. Janák, eds., (Sheffield: Equinox). Modeling in three dimensions with actual values above sea level allows us to visualize floodplain infrastructure during low Nile (c. 7 m all) and during the annual flood plenitude (13.5-14 m asl).