ZIKA VIRUS: A BRIEF REVIEW (original) (raw)
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Zika virus: epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and control of infection
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2018
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen of huge public health significance to human beings. Although majority of infections are benign with self-limiting symptoms, the recent outbreak has established an association with the increased incidence of some congenital anomalies such as microcephaly. In other words, due to the large extent of the virus and mosquito vectors, the infection has become a thoughtful health problem for human societies, though now, there are no antiviral therapies or vaccines against this virus. In spite of extensive research carried out by scientists, not so much information has been gathered about this viral infection. In the current review, we prepared an overview of the remarkable progress made in understanding about the epidemiology, immunology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis methods of ZIKV infection.
A Review on Zika Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Clinical Outcomes
International Journal of Pathogen Research
A single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, the Zika virus is mainly spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Zika virus infection was originally thought to be a mild and self-limiting illness when it was first discovered in Uganda in 1947. Infection in pregnant women, causes serious congenital abnormalities, including microcephaly, a condition marked by an abnormally small head and brain size, was only discovered in 2015 as a result of a significant outbreak in Brazil. Since then, the Zika virus has caused on-going outbreaks throughout the globe, raising serious concerns about public health. Despite significant research efforts, there is currently no cure or vaccine for Zika virus infection, and mosquito control and safe sexual behaviour continue to be the major ways to cut down on transmission. It is crucial to maintain surveillance and study in order to comprehend the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical outcomes of Zika virus infection and to create efficient prevention and t...
Zika virus is a mosquito transmitted flavivirus belongs to family Flaviviridae, which became the focus of an ongoing pandemic and public health emergency all around the world. Zika virus (ZIKV) has 2 lineages: African and Asian. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are thought to initially replicate in dendritic cells and then spread to lymph and therefore the blood stream. Risk for infection through blood transfusion, sexual practices, and perinatal transmission exists. The potential routes of perinatal transmission are all over delivery, breastfeeding and by close contact between the mother and newborn baby. ZIKV is often misdiagnosed with other infection like Dengue and Chikungunya because of similar clinical manifestation. The association between these conditions with Zika virus infection is still not confirmed and is under assessment. Since ZIKV has neither an effective treatment nor a vaccine is available, therefore the public health authority focuses on preventing infection, particularly in pregnant women and virus transmitted region. Zika infections in adults may result rarely in Guillain-Barre syndrome. World Health Organization and different health officers are working on the development of new projects and mosquito control methods to cope up with infection as there's very less literature present on the pathologic process of the Zika virus to help interpret the clinical disease spectrum and target treatments to minimize or prevent infection. WHO/PAHO encourages the countries to set up and retain Zika virus infection detection, clinical management and community assertion strategies to decrease transmission of the virus. This review describes the current understanding of the epidemiology, transmission, clinical characteristics, and diagnosis of Zika virus infection, as well as the future outlook with regard to this disease.
Zika virus: An emerging challenge to public health worldwide
Canadian Journal of Microbiology
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that was first isolated from Zika forest, Uganda, in 1947. Since its inception, major and minor outbreaks have been documented from several parts of world. Aedes spp. mosquitoes are the primary vectors of ZIKV, but the virus can also be transmitted through sexual practices, materno-fetal transmission, and blood transfusion. The clinical presentations of symptomatic ZIKV infections are similar to dengue and chikungunya, including fever, headache, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, conjunctivitis, and rash. ZIKV often causes mild illness in the majority of cases, but in some instances, it is linked with congenital microcephaly and autoimmune disorders like Guillain–Barré syndrome. The recent Indian ZIKV outbreak suggests that the virus is circulating in the South East Asian region and may cause new outbreaks in future. At present, no specific vaccines or antivirals are available to treat ZIKV, so management and control of ZIKV infections rely m...
Zika Virus : A Literature Review
2016
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus first isolated in the Zika forest in 1947. After a period of obscurity, it emerged in 2007 with an outbreak in the Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia followed by another outbreak in 2013 in French Polynesia. During the French Polynesian outbreak, Zika virus was found to be associated with neurological complications like Guillain-Barre Syndrome. The current epidemic in Brazil also demonstrated an increased incidence of congenital malformations and neurological complications forcing the World Health Organization to declare Zika fever as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). This review attempts to compile the current knowledge available on the virology, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, treatment and control of Zika virus infection.
A Global Concern on Zika Virus: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus belongs to family Flaviviridae which becomes the focus of an ongoing pandemic and public health emergency all around the world. Zika virus has two lineages African and Asian. Mosquito-borne flavivirus is thought to replicate initially in dendritic cell and then spread to lymph nodes and then to the bloodstream. Zika virus was initially recognized in Uganda in 1947 in Monkeys through a method that observed yellow fever. It was later distinguished in people in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. The explosions of the zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, The Americas, Asia, and The Pacific. Gillian-Berre syndrome and congenital malformation (microcephaly) suspected to be linked with Zika virus. The virus can only be confirmed through laboratory test on blood or other body fluids, such as urine, saliva or semen. No specific antiviral treatment for Zika virus disease exists. Treatment is aimed at relieving sympto...
Zika virus infections: An overview of current scenario
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2016
Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered more than half a century ago, recently it has gained unprecedented attention by the global health community. Until 2007, only 14 cases of human ZIKV infections were reported around the globe, while during the current outbreak, estimated cases mounted to approximately 1.5 million in Brazil alone, the virus was disseminated to wider South-American territories and travel-associated ZIKV infections were reported in USA, Europe and recently in China. ZIKV infections remain asymptomatic in approximately 80% of the individuals, and no anti-viral treatments were recommended. Yet, neurological complications associated with the infections, such as infant microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome are major cause of the concern. Although, based on small numbers of cases, existing evidence strongly supports an exclusive link of viral infection and observed neurological complications. However, much work remains to assign exact numbers of complications caused by ZIKV. Regarding its structural attributes ZIKV shows remarkable resemblance with dengue virus and West-Nile virus. Despite, genomes of different ZIKV strains have already been decoded; role of the viral components in infection process and particularly pathogenesis of the disease remain widely unclear. In vulnerable areas, most viable strategy to ensure public health safety is vector control and enhanced public awareness about the transmission of the disease.
An overview of the current literature of Zika virus
2021
Zika virus is a member of the family of Flaviviridae, which is primarily spread to humans by mosquito bites. It has been linked to microcephaly in neonates, and as such, it poses a significant risk to human pregnancy. Zika virus infection is also implicated in other severe neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. There is currently no vaccine available to treat Zika virus disease, and as such, it represents a serious challenge to public health. Antigenic similarities between Zika and dengue can suggest artificially high infection rates of Zika within specific population groups. Here, we review recent literature and provide an update on the status of the Zika outbreak, including a description of available medical countermeasure options and current diagnosis methodology.
International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2017
Zika virus (ZIKV) disease is caused by a virus transmitted by Aedes mosquito. It presents as flu-like symptoms lasting for 5-7 days and shows potential association with neurological and autoimmune complications such as congenital microcephaly and adult paralysis disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome. Treatment measures are conservative as the disease is self-limiting. ZIKV earlier affected several tropical regions of Africa and Asia from 1951 to 2006. Subsequently, it moved out from these regions to land as outbreaks in Yap Island, French Polynesia, South America, and most recently in Brazil. The WHO declared it as an international public health emergency in 2016 and an extraordinary event with recommendations for improving communications, tightening vigil on ZIKV infections, and improving mosquito control measures. The authors in this article aim to briefly discuss ZIKV infection, its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, management, and prevention.
Zika virus is an arthropod-borne flavivirus, related to other flaviviruses such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus. Though Zika virus was first isolated in 1947, virus remained in relative obscurity for nearly 70 years. The epidemiology of Zika virus changed since 2007 when an outbreak occurred on Yap Island of the Federated States of Micronesia. Then, Zika virus was introduced into Brazil from the Pacific Islands and spread rapidly throughout the Americas. Zika virus has infected over a million people in the countries of South and Central America. Zika virus infection generally leads to self limiting mild, febrile illness. However, many of the recent outbreaks were linked to upsurge in cases of Guillan Barré syndrome and a rise in infants born with microcephaly. Because of these complications and rapid spread of the Zika virus infections, the world health organization declared Zika fever as a public health emergency of international concern. This review describes the current understanding about the transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of Zika virus infection.