NUTRITIONAL AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS (original) (raw)
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SPIRULINA PLATENSIS – FOOD FOR FUTURE: A REVIEW
Spirulina can play an important role in human and animal nutrition, environmental protection through wastewater recycling and energy conservation. The present review was focused on the various characteristics of Spirulina platensis. Spirulina is rich in proteins (60-70%), vitamins and minerals used as protein supplement in diets of undernourished poor children in developing countries. One gram of Spirulina protein is equivalent to one kilogram of assorted vegetables. The amino acid composition of Spirulina protein ranks among the best in the plant world, more than that of soya bean. The mass cultivation of Spirulina is achieved both in fresh water and waste water. Spirulina grown in clean waters and under strictly controlled conditions could be used for human nutrition. The micro alga grown in waste water is used as animal feed and provide a source of the fine chemicals and fuels. The waste water system is highly applicable in populated countries like India where wastes are generated in high quantities and pose environmental problem. The present review focused the following topics: Spirulina platensis, Isolation and occurrence of Spirulina platensis, newly formulated media for Spirulina cultivation, Phycocyanin and Medicinal properties of Spirulina platensis.
Evaluation of Chemical Composition for Spirulina platensis in Different Culture Media
2014
Spirulina platensis was cultivated in laboratory under controlled conditions in four different culture media, BG-11, modified BG-11, Zarrouks (ZM) and synthetic human urine (SHU). The effect of culturing media on chemical composition, amino acids content, fatty acids profile and minerals content were determined. The highest amount of protein (59.8%) was recorded when grown in BG-11. Whereas, modified BG-11 was the best medium in regard to both amino acids contents and maximum total lipid (8.13%). The most important unsaturated fatty acid γ-linolenic, was found at maximum percentage (4.7%) when grown in SHU medium. Whereas ZM was the best medium to obtain the highest percentage of arachidoic acid (17.63%).The highest percentage of ash in S. platensis was recorded when grown in ZM. Regarding to the minerals content, the maximumP, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu (182.7, 155.8, 8.4, 5.1 and 5.5 mg/100g DW, respectively) were recorded in BG- 11, while growing in ZM displayed the highest amount of K, N...
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2024
Spirulina is a multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium with the ability to colonize environments that are unsuitable for many other organisms. It forms populations in freshwater and brackish lakes, as well as some marine environments, primarily alkaline saline lakes. Spirulina contains a high content of protein (up to 70%), along with high amounts of essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins (especially B12), antioxidant pigments (phycobiliproteins and carotenoids) and polysaccharides. Spirulina mainly grow in highly alkaline water. Lonar Lake is considered as the largest source of alkaline water in India so the water from Lonar Lake was used to isolate Spirulina. The isolation was carried out in Zarrouk's media. It is specific media used for the growth of Spirulina. Spirulina requires light and cold condition for proper growth so these conditions were maintained during the growth. The media was inoculated with the water sample and kept for incubation at 22˚C for over 15 days. The media was also supplemented with some trace metals for good yield. After incubation period the media was observed under microscope to confirm the Spirulina was isolated. After the isolation was successful Spirulina was cultivated by using various substrates such as cow urine, cheese whey, tap water etc. The substrate were added in the media and the media was inoculated with isolated culture of Spirulina .The media was kept for incubation in similar conditions used during isolation. After 15 days the sample were studied for their protein content, carbohydrate content.
This study aimed to provide a cost effective medium to large scale production of Spirulina platensis. This intention was implemented by substituting all the nutrients present in Zarrouk's medium (SM) with cheaper and locally available commercial fertilizers and chemicals. The Reduced Cost medium contained single super phosphate (SSP), commercial sodium bicarbonate, Muriate of potash (MOP) and crude sea-salt, (Syahat salt). Four grades of nitrogen concentrations representing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of SM nitrogen concentration (29.42 mM-N) were taken from ammonium nitrate (Treatments 1–4) or urea (Treatments 5–8) respectively, for testing. The alga was grown for 33 days at 30 ± 2 °C, pH 9, 30 lEm 2 s À1 irradiance. The growth characteristics (maximum biomass X m , cell productivity P x , specific growth rate l m and chlorophyll concentration), and biochemical composition (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) of the alga grown in these media were compared with that cultivated in SM. Significant differences in the growth parameters and biochemical composition were observed for the different nitrogen sources and concentrations. The results revealed that S. platensis could utilize ammonium nitrate most efficiently and that growth was enhanced with increasing the concentrations of ammonium nitrate giving maximum biomass at 0.353 g/L (Treatment 3). Further increasing the concentration limited growth. The growth parameters in urea showed a significant decrease associated with increasing urea concentrations. The maximum bio-mass, chlorophyll and protein yield (0.813 ± 0.018 mg/L, 0.0685 ± 0.0024 lg/L and 52.62%, respectively) were recorded using Treatment 3 which was comparable with that of SM (0.840 ± 0.008 mg/L, 0.0701 ± 0.0089 lg/L and 52.95%, respectively). The results indicated that the newly prepared medium can be used profitably for large-scale mass production of protein-rich Spirulina and yields similar performance with cost effective to Zarrouk's medium.
International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 2022
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the specific growth rate (SGR) and affiliated physico-chemical attributes of Spirulina platensis in supernatant of three different concentrations of digested rotten guava (DRG) and kosaric medium (KM) as control. Three different concentrations such as 20, 40 and 60 rotten guavas were allowed to digest under aerated condition. After 34 days, the reddish white colored supernatant was screened and taken in 2.0 L conical flask with three replications. Then, Spirulina was inoculated to grow in these three digested rotten guava media (DRGM) (treatments) with the addition of 9.0 g/L NaHCO3, micronutrients and KM for a period of 14 days. The cell weight of Spirulina was attained a maximum of 12.43±0.20 mg/L (dry wt. basis) in KM followed by 0.818 ± 0.003, 0.815 ± 0.0015 and 0.809± 0.0012 mg/L in supernatant of 60, 20 and 40% DRGM, respectively. The percentage of crude protein (53.35 ± 0.32%) of Spirulina grown in supernatant of 40% DRGM significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of cultured in KM (58.36 ± 0.32 %). But crude lipids (10.15 ± 0.14%) of Spirulina cultured in supernatant of 60% DRGM was significantly (P < 0.05) and almost two times higher than that of Spirulina grown in KM (6.30 ± 0.22%). It means that for the production of high lipid content in Spirulina, supernatant of DRGM may be used. The physico-chemical parameters viz. light intensity (2748 to 2768 lux/m 2 /s), temperature (19.0 to 22.2°C), pH (8.1 to 10.6), alkalinity (1522 to 2698 mg/L), nitrate-N (1.25 to 3.64 mg/L) and phosphate-P (11.30 to 55.40 mg/L) were within the optimum level during the culture period. So, mass culture of Spirulina may be practiced in supernatant of 60% DRGM.
Spirulina microalga: A Food for future Pinnacle Biotechnology
Spirulina is a microscopic algae, known also as blue-green algae. It belongs to the family of cyanophyceae. These beings are original and very enigmatic: they feed themselves by photosynthesis like plants but their cells have no cellulosic membrane like bacteria (which explains their very high digestibility, about 83%). They appeared very early on Earth, more than 3 billion years ago. By their intense production of oxygen they considerably modified the atmosphere on Earth so it became possible for organic life to emerge. In this paper were emphasized the nutritional and pharmaceutical values of this algae. The economic role and the possibilities for artificial culture of Spirulina in a southern environment are analyzed. Then a survey of other uses of Spirulina is suggested. Furthermore, thermophysical studies of Spirulina were performed in order to understand its behavior during drying and the possibilities of riches generation by commercializing these algae for Chad. The production of Spirulina is very simple and it can be mastered by any peasant which is very interesting for developing countries.
Review for uses and therapeutic effects of spirulina, Spirulina platensis microalgae
Spirulina is a filamentous cyanobacteria with many applications in food and drug industries, as a food in human, aquaculture, vet and poultry industries. Semi and mass culture of Spirulina carries out in different countries. it contains large amounts of protein (70% dry weight), carotenoid (4000 mg/kg), (omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ,gamma linolenic acid (GLA), sulfolipids, glycolipids, polysaccharides, provitamins; vitamin A vitamin E, various B vitamins; and minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, zinc and selenium. Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that Spirulina has certain therapeutic effects such as reduction in blood cholesterol, protection against some cancers, enhancement of the immune system, increase of intestinal lactobacilli, reduction of nephrotoxicity by heavy metals and drugs, radiation protection, reduction of hyperlipidemia and obesity. In this paper, uses and therapeutic effect of spirulina have been reviewed according to new researches.
Spirulina is a multicellular, filamentous, free floating cyanobacterium or photosynthetic blue green algae. Spirulina has been so popular in the world due to its high nutritional contents. As it contains chlorophyll 'a', like higher plants botanist classify it as micro algae belonging to Cyanophyceae class; but according to bacteriologists it is a bacterium due to its prokaryotic structure. Mexicans started using this microorganism as human food. The nutritional status of cultured Spirulina suggested that the biomass of Spirulina is nutritionally rich in protein. Cyanobacterium Spirulina is proficient to cultivate in a variety of culture media. The present investigation is carried out to evaluate the lab scale cultivation of Spirulina by using different substrates like cheese whey, cow urine, rain water and tube well water. Also it is evaluated for its chlorophyll and protein content. Different concentration gradients of the substrates i.e. cheese whey, cow urine, rain water and tube well water ranges from 10 -1 to 10 -6 with ZARROUK'S medium were analyzed for Spirulina growth at pH 9.5 ± 2, temperature 30°C ± 2 and photo-period of 10-12 hours. Spirulina was successfully cultivated by using different substrates and maximum chlorophyll and protein content was founded. The results indicate the potentiality of all the four substrates to provide nutrients to culture medium that reduces its valuable cost and make it a cheaper and economic medium to cultivate Spirulina.
Nutritional evaluation of single-cell protein produced by Spirulina platensis
African Journal of Food Science, 2011
The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics and possible toxic effects of microalgae Spirulina LEB-18, developed in south of Brazil. The biomass was evaluated for 40 days through nutritional responses, obtained by the development of Wistar rats and also by biochemical and hematological study of the blood of these animals. Four isoproteic diets were prepared (12% protein):
Production and nutritive value of Spirulina platensis in reduced cost media
The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 2012
This study aimed to provide a cost effective medium to large scale production of Spirulina platensis. This intention was implemented by substituting all the nutrients present in Zarrouk's medium (SM) with cheaper and locally available commercial fertilizers and chemicals. The Reduced Cost medium contained single super phosphate (SSP), commercial sodium bicarbonate, Muriate of potash (MOP) and crude sea-salt, (Syahat salt). Four grades of nitrogen concentrations representing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of SM nitrogen concentration (29.42 mM-N) were taken from ammonium nitrate (Treatments 1-4) or urea (Treatments 5-8) respectively, for testing. The alga was grown for 33 days at 30 ± 2°C, pH 9, 30 lEm 2 s À1 irradiance. The growth characteristics (maximum biomass X m , cell productivity P x , specific growth rate l m and chlorophyll concentration), and biochemical composition (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) of the alga grown in these media were compared with that cultivated in SM. Significant differences in the growth parameters and biochemical composition were observed for the different nitrogen sources and concentrations. The results revealed that S. platensis could utilize ammonium nitrate most efficiently and that growth was enhanced with increasing the concentrations of ammonium nitrate giving maximum biomass at 0.353 g/L (Treatment 3). Further increasing the concentration limited growth. The growth parameters in urea showed a significant decrease associated with increasing urea concentrations. The maximum biomass, chlorophyll and protein yield (0.813 ± 0.018 mg/L, 0.0685 ± 0.0024 lg/L and 52.62%, respectively) were recorded using Treatment 3 which was comparable with that of SM (0.