Mycotoxins in organic and conventional cereals and cereal products grown and marketed in Croatia (original) (raw)
Related papers
Mycotoxins in cereal-based products during 24 years (1983–2017): A global systematic review
Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019
Background: Cereal and cereal-based products are used as an important sources of energy and minerals as well as vitamins in all of the world. However, their contamination with mycotoxins reserved huge concerns due to adverse effects of mycotoxin on human health. Scope and approach: The present research was undertaken to evaluate published studies regarding the identification of mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and total aflatoxin (TAF) in the cereal-based products between 1
Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Feed and Food
Microorganisms
Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. This study aims to give a data-based insight from the scientific literature on the (co-)occurrence of mycotoxins (i.e., parent and modified forms) in European core cereals, and to estimate potential patterns of co-exposure in humans and animals. Mycotoxins were mainly reported in wheat and maize showing the highest concentrations of fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AFs), and zearalenone (ZEN). The maximum concentrations of FB1+FB2 were reported in maize both in feed and food and were above legal maximum levels (MLs). Similar results were observed in DON-food, whose max concentrations in wheat, barley, maize, and oat exceeded the MLs. Co-occurrence was reported in 54.9% of total records, meaning that they were co-contaminated with at least two mycotoxins. In the context of parental mycotoxins, co-occurrence of DON was frequently observed with FBs in m...
Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets
Foods
In this study, a total of 140 cereal-based foods sold in temporary open-air markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, citrinin (CIT), HT-2, and T-2 toxins. Breakfast cereals (n:27), cornmeal (n:41), extruded maize (n:32), and oatmeal (n:40) purchased from these alternative shopping areas created to meet the food needs of low-income people in the suburbs formed the sample set of the study. These foods, which are sold in areas that are out of legal control and greatly affected by external environmental conditions, are more open to health risks. Mycotoxins, chemicals of a biological origin, are some of the most important of these risks. In terms of public health, it is important to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in foods, which can cause acute and chronic diseases such as immunosuppression, genotoxic, estrogenic, teratogenic effect, cancer, and liver and kidney dysfuncti...
Mycotoxin contamination in cereals
______________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Food or feed control focuses not only on the analysis of natural food components (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins), but also on the determination of harmful compounds, like mycotoxins. This group of contaminants, produced by fungi (commonly called moulds) can be dangerous to human and animal health causing diseases known as mycotoxicosis. Fungi belonging mainly to Fusarium, Aspergillus or Penicillin genus produce several mycotoxins with different health risk. The European Commission has proposed regulatory limits for Aflatoxins, DON, T-2/HT-2 Fumonisins, and OchratoxinA for various raw cereals and their processed products, and for nuts , dried fruits, coffee and some other ingredients of food. There is the need to survey the present situation and deal with the problem of mycotoxin polluted food in the various countries. Results of mycotoxin analysis (cereals, mixed feeds, raw mate...
Assessment of Mycotoxins (Total Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin-A) Contamination of Staple Cereals
2012
This study presents supportive monitoring information of the levels of mycotoxins in staple cereal grains (Guinea corn, Millet and Maize) under storage conditions at six locations in Borno State, Nigeria. The AgraQuant® (Romer Labs, Inc. USA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the determination of mycotoxins (Total Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A) in the cereal grains samples. The results generally revealed a wide and markedly significant (P Maize > Millet, while by Ochratoxin is Maize > Millet > Guinea corn. This study confirms high levels of Aflatoxins that is capable of posing health hazards, with environmental and poor storage conditions as major cause of mycotoxins.
Journal of Food Quality, 2008
ABSTRACTThe main focus of our study was to implement a rapid, inexpensive and reliable method that could be utilized to check the cereals for safety (i.e., screening for total aflatoxins, as well as individual B1, B2, G1, G2 aflatoxins and ochratoxin A). We developed a protocol by which we were able to isolate mycotoxins from cereals collected from different regions of Romania. After extraction in chloroform, the mycotoxins were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified using densitometry.Forty-three samples of different cereals (wheat, maize, rye and Triticale) were analyzed. Twenty-five of the 43 samples (58.14% of the total number) were found to be contaminated with different mycotoxins in various concentrations: aflatoxin B1 (1.6–5.7 µg/kg), aflatoxin B2 (0.89–4 µg/kg), aflatoxin G1 (1.2–5.76 µg/kg), aflatoxin G2 (0.96–3.4 µg/kg) and/or 4.3–30 µg/kg ochratoxin A. The concentration of total aflatoxin contamination ranged from 11.2 to 10.8 µg/kg. Among the different cereals, the highest number of contaminated samples was found to be in the wheat samples (62.5%). The method outlined in this study has been adopted already by our laboratory for current analyses of mycotoxins. The results obtained using this method is in compliance with the strict regulatory guidelines developed both in Romania, as well as in the European Union.The main focus of our study was to implement a rapid, inexpensive and reliable method that could be utilized to check the cereals for safety (i.e., screening for total aflatoxins, as well as individual B1, B2, G1, G2 aflatoxins and ochratoxin A). We developed a protocol by which we were able to isolate mycotoxins from cereals collected from different regions of Romania. After extraction in chloroform, the mycotoxins were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified using densitometry.Forty-three samples of different cereals (wheat, maize, rye and Triticale) were analyzed. Twenty-five of the 43 samples (58.14% of the total number) were found to be contaminated with different mycotoxins in various concentrations: aflatoxin B1 (1.6–5.7 µg/kg), aflatoxin B2 (0.89–4 µg/kg), aflatoxin G1 (1.2–5.76 µg/kg), aflatoxin G2 (0.96–3.4 µg/kg) and/or 4.3–30 µg/kg ochratoxin A. The concentration of total aflatoxin contamination ranged from 11.2 to 10.8 µg/kg. Among the different cereals, the highest number of contaminated samples was found to be in the wheat samples (62.5%). The method outlined in this study has been adopted already by our laboratory for current analyses of mycotoxins. The results obtained using this method is in compliance with the strict regulatory guidelines developed both in Romania, as well as in the European Union.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a rapid, inexpensive and convenient method that can be used routinely to screen for mycotoxins. This article describes the detailed procedures for the extraction, purification and quantification of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, using TLC. Using this method one can identify concomitantly five different mycotoxins and by coupling it with densitometry a quantitative determination is also possible. Therefore, this could become a routine technique in regional laboratories responsible for checking agrifood safety.Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a rapid, inexpensive and convenient method that can be used routinely to screen for mycotoxins. This article describes the detailed procedures for the extraction, purification and quantification of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, using TLC. Using this method one can identify concomitantly five different mycotoxins and by coupling it with densitometry a quantitative determination is also possible. Therefore, this could become a routine technique in regional laboratories responsible for checking agrifood safety.
Food Control, 2009
A method for aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) and ochratoxin A (OTA) determination in breakfast cereals is described using a simultaneous methanolic-aqueous extraction followed by immunoaffinity columns clean-up step and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Fluorescence Detector (FD). Recoveries were found to be 78% and 83% for AFB 1 and OTA, respectively, while the detection limit (DL) was 0.02 ng g À1 for both mycotoxins. Both determinations were applied in fifty five samples of breakfast cereals purchased from Athens market. Results revealed the presence of AFB 1 in 56.3% of the samples examined (mean 1.42 ng AFB 1 g À1 ). Seven samples (median 3.5 ng AFB 1 g À1 ) were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the EU limit (2 g g À1 ). OTA was detected in 60% of the samples (mean 0.18 ng g À1 ). Nineteen samples were found to be contaminated by both mycotoxins. In addition in the present study the daily exposure to AFB 1 and OTA is discussed.
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
A probabilistic dietary risk assessment on mycotoxins was conducted using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment software, with consumption data from the 2008/2009 Brazilian Household Budget Survey for individuals who were at least 10 years old and occurrence data for 646 samples of rice, maize, wheat, and their products, collected in the Federal District and in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Processing factors were estimated and applied to concentration data. Chronic exposure was estimated for fumonisins (free and bound/hidden), deoxynivalenol (DON) (including the acetylated forms) and zearalenone (ZON) (including alfa-zearalenol) and acute exposure was estimated for DON. For the general population, the chronic exposure exceeded the safe exposure levels at the 95P for DON and at the 99P for fumonisins. Additionally, safe level exceedance occurred at the 97.5P for fumonisins and at the 95P for DON for teenagers, as well as at the 99P for fumonisins for women of child-bearing-age. No exceedances were found for chronic exposure to ZON and acute exposure to DON. Maize couscous contributed most of the total fumonisins (91%) and ZON intakes (~40%) and bread to total intake of DON (~30%). Further studies should be conducted with updated Brazilian consumption data, which should include information for individuals aged less than 10 years old.
Food Control, 2012
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLCeMS/MS) method is described for simultaneous determination of aflatoxins (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB 1 and FB 2), T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals. Mycotoxins were separated by reverse phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) and detected by tandem mass spectrometry using an electro spray-ionization interface (ESI) in both positive-and negative-ion modes. The mean recoveries of mycotoxins from spiked cereals ranged from 83.5% to 107.3%, whereas the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.01 to 25 ng/g and 0.02e40 ng/g, respectively. The multi-mycotoxin method developed in this work was applied for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in 80 cereal samples collected from Malaysian markets. A total of 60 cereal samples (75%) were contaminated with at least one of these mycotoxins at levels greater than the LOD. Only one maize sample and two rice samples were contaminated at levels exceeding the European regulatory limits for aflatoxins and OTA (4 and 5 ng/g, respectively). The rates of the occurrence of mycotoxins in the commercial cereal samples were 50, 30, 19, 30, 16, 14, 14 and 12% for the aflatoxins (the total amount of AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2), OTA, ZEA, DON, FB 1 , FB 2 , T-2 and HT-2 toxins, respectively. The results demonstrated that the procedure was suitable for the simultaneous determination of these mycotoxins in cereals and could be performed for their routine analysis in mycotoxin laboratories.