A hierarchical approach to automatic musical genre classification (original) (raw)
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Automatic Musical Genre Classification of Audio Signals
Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on …, 2001
Musical genres are categorical descriptions that are used to describe music. They are commonly used to structure the increasing amounts of music available in digital form on the Web and are important for music information retrieval. Genre categorization for audio has traditionally been performed manually. A particular musical genre is characterized by statistical properties related to the instrumentation, rhythmic structure and form of its members. In this work, algorithms for the automatic genre categorization of audio signals are described. More specifically, we propose a set of features for representing texture and instrumentation. In addition a novel set of features for representing rhythmic structure and strength is proposed. The performance of those feature sets has been evaluated by training statistical pattern recognition classifiers using real world audio collections. Based on the automatic hierarchical genre classification two graphical user interfaces for browsing and interacting with large audio collections have been developed.
Musical genre classification of audio signals
Speech and Audio Processing, IEEE …, 2002
Musical genres are categorical labels created by humans to characterize pieces of music. A musical genre is characterized by the common characteristics shared by its members. These characteristics typically are related to the instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and harmonic content of the music. Genre hierarchies are commonly used to structure the large collections of music available on the Web. Currently musical genre annotation is performed manually. Automatic musical genre classification can assist or replace the human user in this process and would be a valuable addition to music information retrieval systems. In addition, automatic musical genre classification provides a framework for developing and evaluating features for any type of content-based analysis of musical signals.
Factors in automatic musical genre classification of audio signals
2003
Abstract Automatic musical genre classification is an important tool for organizing the large collections of music that are becoming available to the average user. In addition, it provides a structured way of evaluating musical content features that does not require extensive user studies. The paper provides a detailed comparative analysis of various factors affecting automatic classification performance, such as choice of features and classifiers.
Automatic Genre Classification of Musical Signals
IV Congress of Brazilian Audio Engineering Society, 2006
Apresentado no 4 o Congresso da AES Brasil 10 a Convenção Nacional da AES Brasil 08 a 10 de Maio de 2006, São Paulo, SP Este artigo foi reproduzido do original final entregue pelo autor, sem edições, correções ou considerações feitas pelo comitê técnico. A AES Brasil não se responsabiliza pelo conteúdo. Outros artigos podem ser adquiridos através da Audio Engineering Society, .aes.org. Informações sobre a seção Brasileira podem ser obtidas em www.aesbrasil.org. Todos os direitos são reservados. Não é permitida a reprodução total ou parcial deste artigo sem autorização expressa da AES Brasil.
Proceedings of the International Computer Music …, 2004
This paper examines the potential of high-level features extracted from symbolic musical representations in regards to musical classification. Twenty features are implemented and tested by using them to classify 225 MIDI files by genre. This system differs from previous automatic genre classification systems, which have focused on low-level features extracted from audio data. Files are classified into three parent genres and nine sub-genres, with average success rates of 84.8% for the former and 57.8% for the latter. Classification is performed by a novel configuration of feed-forward neural networks that independently classify files by parent genre and sub-genre and combine the results using weighted averages.
Automatic music classification into genres
Musical genres are categorical labels created by humans to characterize pieces of music. Although music genres are inexact and can often be quite arbitrary and controversial, it is believed that certain song characteristics like instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and harmonic content of the music are related to the genre. In this paper, the task of automatic music genre classification is explored. Multiple features based on timbral texture, rhythmic content and pitch content are extracted from a single music piece and used to train different classifiers for genre prediction. The experiments were performed using features extracted from one or two 30 second segments from each song. For the classification, two different architectures flat and hierarchical classification and three different classifiers (kNN, MLP and SVM) were tried. The experiments were performed on the full feature set (316 features) and on a PCA reduced feature set. The testing speed of the classifiers was also measured.The experiments carried out on a large dataset containing more than 1700 music samples from ten different music genres have shown accuracy of 69.1% for the flat classification architecture (utilizing one against all SVM based classifiers). The accuracy obtained using the hierarchical classification architecture was slightly lower 68.8%, but four times faster than the flat architecture.
Statistical Analysis of Features Used in Automatic Audio Genre Classification
Journal of Communication and Information Systems, 2006
This paper presents statistical models for some of the most important features used to classify audio signals into musical genres. The genres used here are selected according to a given taxonomy. The features are computed for each genre using the signals from a dataset and the results are grouped into histograms. Each proposed statistical model consists of an estimated Probability Density Function (PDF), optimized to best fit a determined histogram and the optimization criterion is the minimization of the Mean Square Error (MSE). Finally, the paper discusses how these models can be applied to classify audio signals into genres.
A Comprehensive Survey of Music Genre Classification Using Audio Files
International Journal of Enhanced Research In Science Technology & Engineering
This survey extensively studies music genre classification, a critical task in music information retrieval, to automatically categorize audio recordings into various genres. It provides a comprehensive review of approaches, methodologies, and recent advancements in genre classification from audio data. Scholars and practitioners in the field will find this study to be a valuable resource as it covers various aspects of the discipline, including feature extraction, classification methods, dataset exploration, evaluation metrics, and recent developments. The survey aims to enhance the understanding of music genre classification and foster further research and progress in the field by critically evaluating state-of-the-art techniques discussed in research papers, discussing their strengths and limitations, and providing a comprehensive overview of the field.
Automatic Classification of Audio Data
Systems, Man and …, 2005
In this paper a novel content-based musical genre classification approach that uses combination of classifiers is proposed. First, musical surface features and beatrelated features are extracted from different segments of digital music in MP3 format. Three 15-dimensional feature vectors are extracted from three different parts of a music clip and three different classifiers are trained with such feature vectors. At the classification mode, the outputs provided by the individual classifiers are combined using a majority vote rule. Experimental results show that the proposed approach that combines the output of the classifiers achieves higher correct musical genre classification rate than using single feature vectors and single classifiers.
Audio feature engineering for automatic music genre classification
2007
The scenarios opened by the increasing availability, sharing and dissemination of music across the Web is pushing for fast, effective and abstract ways of organizing and retrieving music material. Automatic classification is a central activity to model most of these processes, thus its design plays a relevant role in advanced Music Information Retrieval. In this paper, we adopted a state-of-the-art machine learning algorithm, i.e. Support Vector Machines, to design an automatic classifier of music genres. In order to optimize classification accuracy, we implemented some already proposed features and engineered new ones to capture aspects of songs that have been neglected in previous studies. The classification results on two datasets suggest that our model based on very simple features reaches the state-of-art accuracy (on the ISMIR dataset) and very high performance on a music corpus collected locally.