Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (Persea americana L.) Seeds (original) (raw)
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The Persea americana is a valuable and important fruit, used in folklore medicine and research studied also exhibited that they have many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and recently amoebicidal activities and various other biological activities. Maintaining quality standards of drugs is the need of today, because of its increasing use. The present study was designed to evaluate the standard profile of the seeds of avocado. The extracts obtained by using different solvents. Phytochemical, physiochemical and TLC analysis were then carried out and loss on drying, total ash content, the yield of acid insoluble ash, the yield of alcohol soluble ash, the yield of water soluble ash were found to be 9.28, 2.53, 2.19, 45.26 and 5.79%w/w respectively. Phytochemical analysis like phenols, flavanoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, saponin, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, phytosterols were found to be present in different seed extract of Persea americana. TLC system for analysis was shown to be Chloroform:Methanol:Formic acid was used in the ratio of (60:40:2) respectively. The bands found in this method and its Rf values 0.86cm indicate the presence of β –carotene (0.92cm), which is a tetraterpenoid. The results significantly validate the use of Persea americana and help to many researchers about quality and purity of avocado seeds.
Molecules
The byproducts (seeds and peels) of an avocado cultivated in the south of Colombia were extracted with aqueous acetone and their antioxidant properties were measured with ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assays, and total polyphenol content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method. A bioguided fractionation was performed, first by SPE (solid phase extraction) on Amberlite XAD-7, and then by size exclusion chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The polyphenolic-rich extracts and their fractions were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), finding the presence of organic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, catechins, free and glycosylated flavonoids, and dimeric and trimeric procyanidins. Catechin, epicatechin, six quercetin derivatives, four dimeric procyanidins (three type B and one type A), and three trimeric procyanidins (two type B and one type A) wer...
Food Science and Technology
Berries stand out because they present benefits to human health, however, their residues are generally discarded which contain appreciable amounts of bioactive compounds retained in the shells and seeds of these fruits. The objective of this work was to characterize the residues of berries, and compare the extraction by enzymatic treatment and by solvent, determining the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities and individual phenolic compounds by UPLC-QDa-MS. The acerola peel extracted with the protease/peptidase enzyme showed the best result of total phenolics, equivalent to 45.46 mg GA/g DW, as well as rutin with the highest concentration identified, equivalent to 15737.13 µg/g DW. The results of antioxidant activities showed a significant increase for the FRAP assay with 120.96 µmolTE/g for the methanolic extract and 1547.00 µmolTE/g for the extract with the protease enzyme; the same occurred in the DPPH assay with 22.02 µmolTE/g to 243.93 µmolTE/g and the ABTS assay with 9.17 µmolTE/g to 211.96 µmolTE/g. The phenolic class that stood out the most was flavonol followed by flavanone, with emphasis on naringenin with the highest concentration in the methanolic extract of acerola seed, equivalent to 1347.50 µg/g DW, thus proving the importance of enzymatic extraction in agro-industrial residues and possible application in pharmaceutical and food industries.
Avocado (Persea americana) seeds represent under-utilised resources and waste issues in avocado processing. This study was produced to compare the lipid contents of the avocado bulb and seed. The study also evaluated the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potentiality of each extract. Oleic acid was the predominant unsaturated fatty acid in a chloroform/methanol extract of P. americana fruit and seed. The seed extract was richer with sterol compounds than the fruit extract. The extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities against cell line of colon cancer (HCT116) and cell line of liver cancer (HePG2) in a dose-dependent manner. It also exhibited powerful scavenging of free radical by using-DPPH and ABTS. IC 50 of seed extract against the aforementioned cancer cell lines was more or less near the values of a reference drug (sorafinib). In conclusion, P. americana seed extract has more powerful effects than avocado bulb extract. The seeds should not be neglected. Ó 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria
Background. Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) peel is a rich source of natural antioxidants. The present work aims to evaluate ultrasound and enzyme-assisted extraction methods of polyphenols with antioxidant properties from avocado peel. Materials and methods. The impact of extraction parameters on the extraction yield of polyphenols was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, while the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. The polyphenolic compounds were identified by HPLC. Results. The major polyphenolic compounds identified in the investigated extracts were benzoic acid, vanillic acid, resveratrol and syringic acid. The highest yield of polyphenols ~35.4 mg GAE/g of dried peel was obtained with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) using 20% ultrasonic intensity for 30 min or by treatment with viscozyme at a 1% level for 60 min. The IC 50 values by DPPH and FRAP in the ultrasound assisted extract were statistically lower than those in the enzyme assisted extract. The avocado peel extract is a promising source of antioxidants. Conclusion. The ultrasound assisted extraction proved to be more efficient than enzyme aided extraction in terms of the antioxidant activity of the extractable phenolic compounds.
Brazilian Journal of Food Technology
The antioxidant and antibacterial activity and toxicity of natural products can change according to plant variety, as well as the part of the plant which is analyzed. In this study, peel, pulp and seed of four avocado varieties (Quintal, Fortuna, Margarida, and Hass) were analyzed for antioxidant and antibacterial properties and toxicity. There are few studies in the literature comparing these three first varieties. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil), ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability Power) methods, along with the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Principal component analysis was applied for antioxidant tests. Antibacterial activity against food pathogens was assessed by the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration tests. Toxicity was evaluated against Artemia salina and also by hemolytic activity. The ethanolic extract of Qui...
The Odyssey of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado (Persea americana) and their Health Benefits
Antioxidants, 2019
Persea americana, commonly known as avocado, has recently gained substantial popularity and is often marketed as a "superfood" because of its unique nutritional composition, antioxidant content, and biochemical profile. However, the term "superfood" can be vague and misleading, as it is often associated with unrealistic health claims. This review draws a comprehensive summary and assessment of research performed in the last few decades to understand the nutritional and therapeutic properties of avocado and its bioactive compounds. In particular, studies reporting the major metabolites of avocado, their antioxidant as well as bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties, are summarized and assessed. Furthermore, the potential of avocado in novel drug discovery for the prevention and treatment of cancer, microbial, inflammatory, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases is highlighted. This review also proposes several interesting future directions for avocado research.
Horticulturae, 2020
Avocado byproducts are a rich source of health-promoting biomolecules. The purpose of this work is to study three groups of statistically different avocado fruit sizes (Persea americana Mill.) (small (S), medium (M), and large (L)), and their relationship with total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging capacity and individual phenolics, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in avocado peel extract (APE). The results indicated that TPC, TFC, and antioxidant and enzymatic activities were higher in the APE of the S group (p < 0.05). The flavonoids (flavanols and flavonols) and phenolic acids were also significatively concentrated in S group’s APE. Overall, the phenolic content was significantly lower in the L group. Positive correlations (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05) were observed between TPC, TPF, DPPH, and enzymatic activity, and negati...
Journal of Agricultural Science, 2013
The physical, chemical and nutritional properties of Persea americana fruits variety 'Hass' produced in the Algarve region were studied. Edible and non-edible parts of the fruits (pulp, seeds and peel) were compared considering their possible contribution to improve the sustainability of the food and pharmaceutical industries. The nutritional contents evaluated were moisture, ash, proteins, fat, total soluble solids and acidity. It were also evaluated the contents of bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and vitamin E) and their influence in the antioxidant activity exhibited by the fruit material. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the Algarvian avocado has physical and chemical characteristics comparable or superior to avocados from other growing regions around the world namely, Mexico and California. With regard to the contents of bioactive compounds, the pulp of the Algarvian avocado proved to be rich in carotenoids (0.815±0.201 mg/100g), phenolic compounds (410.2±69.0 mg/100g) and flavonoids (21.9±1.0 mg/100g). The skin was superior to the pulp in the contents of all these compounds with 2.585±0.117 mg/100g of carotenoids, 679.0±117.0 mg/100g of total phenolics and 44.3±3.1 mg/100g of flavonoids. The seed, in turn, was the part of the fruit with the highest total phenolic content (704.0±130.0 mg/100g) and flavonoids (47.97±2.69 mg/100g). Regarding the concentration of vitamins C and E, the highest values were found in the pulp (5.36±1.77 mg/100g of vitamin E) and skin (4.1±2.7 mg/100g of vitamin C). The extracts obtained from the seeds demonstrated higher in vitro DPPH • assay antioxidant activity (43%) than those obtained from the skin (35%) and the fruit pulp (23%). The contents of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids found in the non-edible parts of the Algarvian avocado demonstrated that these byproducts could be an interesting inexpensive raw material for the food and cosmetic industries.
International Journal of Food Science
The present study compared the extracts obtained from the epicarp, seed, and seed tegument of avocado var. Hass with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extracts were quantified in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC). The PLE extracts had a global yield ( X 0 ) like that obtained with UAE using ethanol (Et) as the solvent. For the TPC, the extracts obtained with both techniques showed no significant differences ( p > 0.05 ). On the other hand, the epicarp extracts obtained with PLE had higher values for AC: 829.8 μmol TE/gDe (ABTS) and 3,215.1 μmol Fe2+/g De (FRAP), recorded for UAE/Et. The AC in the avocado residue extracted with PLE suggested a high potential for applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetology products.