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Indian journal of medical microbiology, 2015
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both enterically transmitted, resulting in acute viral hepatitis (AVH) in developing countries. They pose major health problems in our country. This study was done to determine prevalence of HAV and HEV in patients presenting with AVH and the co-infection of HAV and HEV in these patients. A cross-sectional study of 2-years duration was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, KMC, Mangalore. A non-random sampling of 958 patients presenting with AVH was considered in the study. On the basis of history, serum samples were analysed for IgM anti-HAV and IgM anti-HEV for the detection of HAV and HEV, respectively using commercially available ELISA kits. Data collected was analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. The seroprevalence of HAV- and HEV-positive patients were 19.31% and 10.54%, respectively. The seroprevalence of both HAV and HEV in patients with acute viral hepatitis was 11.5%...
Prevalence of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus in the patients presenting with acute viral hepatitis in Rohtak, Haryana, India , 2019
ABSTRACT Background: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause acute hepatitis in humans and are transmitted mainly through the fecal-oral route. They pose major health problems in developing countries. This study was done to determine prevalence of HAV and HEV in patients presenting with AVH and the co-infection of HAV and HEV in these patients. Methods: The study was conducted in the virology research and diagnostic laboratory, PGIMS Rohtak during the study period of August 2017-December 2018. The study population included sera of individuals from all age group who were suspected of acute viral hepatitis (AVH). All the sera were screened for IgM antibody to HEV and HAV using IgM capture ELISA. Results: HEV IgM ELISA test was performed in 307 patients (mean age 34 years;), with an overall seroprevalence rate of 138(44.9%). HAV antibodies were detected in 109 subjects, with a median age of 9.5 years the seroprevalence of HAV was 34 (31.1%). HEV seropositivity was highest in the age group 20-30 years. Mean age was 34 years whereas the interquartile range was from 14-71 years. HAV infection was positive mainly in the age group <10 years. With interquartile range from 6-16 years. Out of total 34 patients positive for HAV infection males were 20 (58.8%), whereas females were 14(41.1%). HEV IgM was positive in 138 patients, out of which male were 96 (69.56%) and females were 42 (30.43%). HEV IgM was positive in 138 patients, out of which male were 96 (69.56%) and females were 42 (30.43%). HAV and HEV seen to be prevalent all with highest predominance seen towards the end of monsoons (August and September) and beginning of winters. Conclusions: The present study also points toward HEV being the prime etiological agent for outbreaks of acute hepatitis in the studied region of Haryana (Rohtak), India. A comparatively lower HAV prevalence may be the consequence of an overall declining trend due to improved living standards and environmental hygiene. Keywords: ELISA test, HAV, HEV, Seroprevalence
Indian Journal of Microbiology Research, 2024
Background: Hepatitis-A virus and Hepatitis-E virus are spread enterically, resulting in acute viral hepatitis (AVH) in developing countries. Fecal-oral transmitted hepatitis cause major health problems in our country. The aim of present study is to determine the seroprevalence of HAV and HEV in AVH patients attending the tertiary care hospital at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh (DRPGMC). Insufficient data makes it difficult to determine an accurate prevalence of illness in this region of India. Materials and Methods: The Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), in the Department of Microbiology at DRPGMC Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, consolidated retrospective data of 2-years duration. The study population included 784 serum samples received from outdoor and indoor patients were considered in the study. Results: Of the 784 serum samples that were chosen for our study, HAV and HEV reactive patients showed a seroprevalence of 11.20% and 1.80% respectively. During two years of the study, the co-infection rate of HAV and HEV in patients with acute viral hepatitis was 0.5%. Compared to females (31.80% and 42%), males reported higher seroprevalence of HAV (68.10%) and HEV (57.10%). Further data shows that HAV infection was observed in all age groups and the highest prevalence was reported in the age range from 11 to 20 years. The HEV infection was not observed in the pediatric age groups, it was only observed in adults. Maximum prevalence of HEV was reported in the age group of 21-30 years. The highest number of reactive cases was recorded in the month of August and September. Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of HAV is significantly higher than that of HEV during two years of study period. In this study, we observed that HAV is more predominant in males as compare to females.HEV infections were only observed in adults. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttribFution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.8\_Issue.2\_Feb2021/IJRR-Abstract028.html, 2021
Background: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both enterically transmitted, resulting in acute viral hepatitis (AVH) in developing countries. Both are self-limiting viral infection, transmitted by feco-oral route. Exposure rate of HAV and HEV over a period are different in different parts of country. Aim: This study was done to determine prevalence of HAV and HEV in patients presenting with AVH and the co-infection of HAV and HEV in these patients. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study of 2 years duration was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, SMCH, Silchar. A non random sampling of 200 patients presenting with AVH was considered in the study. On the basis of history, serum sample were analyzed for IgM anti HAV and IgM anti HEV for the detection of HAV and HEV, respectively using commercially available ELISA kits. Results: The prevalence of HAV and HEV co-infection in patients with acute viral hepatitis was 32.5% (65 cases). HAV and HEV were most prevalent between 20 to 35years age group. Hepatitis A samples only 60 were positive and Hepatitis E samples only 5 were positive. Conclusion: Almost all HAV and HEV infectious are spread by feco-oral route. The best means of reducing the spread of infection is by promoting simple measures of personal and community hygiene such as hand washing before eating and after defecation, the sanitary disposal of excreta which will prevent contamination of water, food and milk, during epidemics, boiled water should be advocated for drinking purposes.
NATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY MEDICINE
Introduction: Enterically transmitted Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) are the most common cause of Acute Viral Hepatitis (AVH) and a major health concern in developing nations like India. Both viruses cause AVH and are spread predominantly through the faecal-oral pathway, most commonly through contaminated water. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of HAV and HEV infection in patients presenting with AVH. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was undertaken in Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Bihar. The study was conducted over a period of 24 months from November 2019 to October 2021. All patients presenting with AVH were included as study participants. The blood samples were subjected to test anti-HAV and anti-HEV positivity. Prevalence of HAV and HEV was calculated taking total cases of AVH as denominator. Patients with confirmed infection with HCV, HBV and any other cause of hepatitis were excluded from the study. Templates were ge...
International Archives of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2017
Background: Hepatitis A infection formerly called infectious hepatitis is caused by the Hepatitis A Virus. The infection is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through contaminated foods or drinks. The Virus poses a significant threat to public health because of its ability to cause fulminant hepatitis which still remains a point of concern. Methods: A total of 300 samples were collected from six different hospitals within the metropolis. Fifty samples were collected from each of the hospital visited based on ethical approval from the State Ministry of Health. Blood group and Rhesus factor were tested from each sample using Blood Group antisera. The serum of each blood sample was tested for the presence of anti-HAV IgM using commercially available Micro-Point Rapid Test Kits. Results: Results analysis revealed a prevalence rate of 0.67% for HAV among the studied population. This was regarded hypoendemic. Conclusion: This study confirms previous reports about the downward trend in the global seroprevalence of HAV infections in many regions of the world. Young ages within 11-20 years (P ≤ 0.04) and Blood transfusion (P ≤ 0.04) were identified as potential risk factors for HAV contraction within the metropolis.
The incidence of HAV infection was assessed in 100 sera of male 44 (43.6%) and female 56 (56.4).The age range of subjects in the study is 3-80 years, with mean (±SD) age of 22.7±12.7 years. A total of 2 subjects were positive for HAV giving a prevalence rate of 3.5%. Two females were positive, 2(2.0%) and 0(0.0%) male , despite this there was no significant difference according to gender, meaning that HAV infection is not gender bias. All the two of the positive cases were also positive for fever only, indicating that when looking for HAV infection, patients with fever are the mostly likely suspects to be considered. The age group 0-10 and 11-20 with 1(4.2%) and 1 (3.7%) positive cases respectively were the age groups having positive cases, though there was no significant difference indicating that HAV virus can infect any age group.
Background: Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is a major public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Amongst various Hepatitis viral infections, Hepatitis A virus is known to be the commonest cause of AVH. Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the population attending our tertiary care hospital and clinically diagnosed as hepatitis. Method: This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of three years (2015 to 2017). Serum was separated and tests were run on miniVIDAS and VIDAS (bioMerieux, France) for the detection of anti-HAV IgM. Patients of both genders from all age groups were included in this study. Results: A total of 1048 serum samples were tested over a period of three years. Throughout the three year study period it was observed that the maximum cases fell into the age groups of 20-30 years rather than in 0-10 years and 11-20 years. Conclusion: Hepatitis A, because of epidemiological shift, has now been diagnosed more in teenagers and adults with more severe symptoms that are similar to other viral hepatitis, so the diagnosis must be confirmed by serological testing for the detection of IgM.