Influence of Pre Menstrual Syndrome on Autonomic Functions of Heart in Young Adult Females – a Cross-Sectional Study (original) (raw)
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Research Article Comparison of autonomic activity between pre and post menstrual period
2015
Background: Autonomic nervous system play important role in premenstrual stress. In present study we compare autonomic functions between premenstrual and postmenstrual phases in young females. Methods: The study was carried out on 50 eumenorrheic healthy female of 17 to 25 years of age observed on pre and post menstruation. Autonomic parameters like basal pulse rate, basal blood pressure and cold stimulus test was carried out in pre and post menstrual phases. Data was analyzed by using paired t-test. Results: There was significant increase (P <0.001) in pulse rate, blood pressure, systolic and diastolic response to cold stimulus during premenstrual period as compared to postmenstrual period. Conclusions: There was significant increase (P <0.001) in pulse rate, blood pressure, systolic and diastolic response to cold stimulus during premenstrual period as compared to postmenstrual period.
2012
s: Background: During reproductive life, Women undergo many types of behavioural and hormonal changes, which influence various functions of body. ANS provides physiological adaptive background for these changes. The main aim of this study is to carry out autonomic function tests during various phases of menstrual cycle. Method: Different Methods were used to evaluate sympathetic and Parasympathetic activity. This study was carried out in two different phases of menstrual cycle viz. premenstrual phase (late luteal phase-LL) and post menstrual phase (early follicular phase-EF). Results: The autonomic function tests and heart rate variables were recorded and data was tabulated for Statistical evaluation with student paired "t" test. P 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The tests for sympathetic activity were compared during pre and post menstrual phases. It was observed that pulse rate, blood pressure and cold pressor test were statistically more significant (p...
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM PATTERN IN FEMALES SUFFERING FROM PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME.
Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common but ill understood condition and has significant impact on the quality of life of the females. In attempted to increase the understanding of this condition. The aim of the work was to find out whether there is an identifiable ECG pattern during the premenstrual period in females suffering from PMS. Methods: 44 female in the reproductive age were selected. A twelve lead ECG (ELI 100) was used to make recordings for each subject twice for one month, once before the menstrual bleeding started and the other after the menstrual bleeding stopped. Height and Weight also was obtained, fill a questioner that included personal information such as: age, age of menarche, date of the last menstrual bleeding. According to symptoms the forty four students were subdivided into two main groups. The first group was the PMS group (34 subjects) and the second group was the control group (10 subjects). Results: Findings showed a statistically non significant difference in the mean heart rate in the pre-menstrual phase between the two groups. Irritability was the most common symptom of PMS, found in 94% of the subjects, depression and emotional liability in 79%, bloating in 50%, headache and decreased ability to concentrate in 38%, constipation in 32% and finally edema in 15% of the subjects. In conclusion there was no significant change in the heart rate as recorded on the ECG during the premenstrual period among subjects with PMS. There is no specific ECG pattern which can be identified during the PMS.
Resting heart rate (HR) in women with and without premenstrual symptoms (PMS)
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1991
A sample of 64 undergraduate female students participated in the present experiment. During 3 consecutive months women answered a chart of daily report of symptoms, and finally, two groups were formed: women with premenstrual symptoms (PMS group) and women without premenstrual symptoms (NPMS group). Heart rates (HR) at rest were recorded throughout premenstrual, menstrual, postmenstrual, and ovulatory phases. In the premenstrual phase, PMS group showed significantly higher resting HR levels than NPMS group. With regard to resting HR levels across the four phases studied, significant differences within PMS group were observed. Our results are discussed from a psychophysiological point of view.
Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Cardiac Autonomic Innervation As Assessed By Heart Rate Variability
Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 2001
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of menstrual cycle on cardiac autonomic function parameters in young healthy women by means of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: Forty-three nonobese regularly cycling women (age 29 ? 6, range 20-38) were enrolled. Recordings for HRV analysis were obtained during the two phases of the menstrual cycle when the estrogen and progesterone levels peaked (follicular phase 11 t 1 days and luteal phase 21 t 1 days from the start of bleeding). Power spectral analysis of HRV was performed to calculate the low frequency peak (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), high frequency peak (HF, 0.15-0.40 Hz), LF in normalized unit (LF nu), HF in normalized unit (HF nu), and LF/HF ratio during the two phases of menstrual cycle. Results: The heart rates, LF and HF, were similar in both phases (P > 0.05). A significant increase was noted in the LF NU in the luteal phase compared to follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (P = 0.0141, whereas a tendency for increased HF NU was observed in the follicular phase (P = 0.053). Furthermore, LF/HF ratio was significantly higher in the luteal phase compared to follicular phase (2.1 t 1.5 vs 1.6 ? 0.9, P = 0.002), suggesting increased sympathetic activity in the luteal phase. Conclusion: We concluded that regulation of autonomic tone is modified during menstrual cycle. The alteration in the balance of ovarian hormones might be responsible for these changes in the heart rate variability; menstrual cycle; autonomic nervous system cardiac autonomic innervation.
Menstrual cycle and premenstrual syndrome: Modifiers of cardiovascular reactivity in women
Health Psychology, 1993
Fifteen women prospectively diagnosed with PMS and 15 non-PMS women were each tested twice for cardiovascular stress reactivity and behavioral performance, once during the follicular phase and once during the luteal phase of their cycle. Although blood pressure and heart rate responses to stress did not differ across the menstrual cycle in either group of women, for the non-PMS women, differences in hemodynamic responses were observed across the 2 phases. The luteal phase was associated with greater stroke volume responses and lesser vascular tone. For the PMS women, none of their cardiovascular measures differed across their cycle. Instead, these women showed significantly attenuated blood pressure and heart rate responses compared with non-PMS women, irrespective of cycle phase.
The impact of menstrual cycle phase on cardiac autonomic regulation
…, 2009
This study investigated menstrual cycle phase differences in heart rate (HR) and RR interval variability (RRV) in 49 healthy, premenopausal, eumenorrheic women (age 30.2 AE 6.2 years). HR and RRV were computed from ambulatory 24-h electrocardiogram, collected for up to 6 days, with at least 1 day each during early to midfollicular and midluteal menstrual phases. Phase effects on HR and RRV were assessed using linear mixed effects models with a random intercept to account for the correlation of observations within each subject as well as intrasubject variation. During follicular phase monitoring, women had significantly lower average HR ( À 2.33 bpm), and higher standard deviation, the root mean squared successive difference, and high frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz) and low frequency (0.15-0.40 Hz) RRV than during the luteal phase. These results provide strong support for the influence of menstrual phase on cardiac autonomic regulation in premenopausal women.
Experimental and Clinical Physiology and Biochemistry, 2017
The reproductive system of women shows regular cyclic changes that teleologically may be regarded as periodic preparations for fertilization and pregnancy [4]. Painful menstruation otherwise called Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological problem in females of a reproductive age group. Primary dysmenorrhea has prevalence up to 70 % of young females (3). Severe dysmenorrhea is associated with restriction of activity and absenteeism from school and work & this affects academic performance & social activities [6, 15, 23]. Few studies have reported some degree of autonomic imbalance in primary dysmenorrhea [11, 17]. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the function of various systems in human body to maintain homeostasis and adaptation to stressful situations [12]. Autonomic nervous system of the intrinsic cardiac pacemakers modulates beat to beat variability in heart's rhythm. Analysis of HRV provides a more sensitive noninvasive measure of cardiac autonomic regulation than catecholamine levels and skin conductance [19]. Autonomic nervous system & endocrine system interact with each other to alter many physiological functions [15] but the extent to which it is related to dysmenorrhea is not yet understood. In eumenorrhea subjects significantly greater HRV and increased vagal activity in follicular phase and increased sympathetic activity during luteal phase is showed by [16, 17, 21]. Since there is paucity of information on the influence of ANS on the changes in time domain parameters of HRV, this study was intended to compare HRV changes during menstrual, follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle in both eumenorrhea and dysmenorrhea groups. Aim. This study had been planned to compare the autonomic activity among eumenorrhea & dysmenorrhea subjects. Materials and methods. A longitudinal observational study was conducted among 60 female volunteers aged between 18 & 25years in the department of physiology in M.S. Ramaiah Medical College Hospital & Research centre in Bangalore after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee clearance before the commencement of the study. The subjects were explained the testing procedure and protocol. Informed consent was obtained prior to participation in this study. A detailed medical and menstrual history was obtained from all participants. Standard anthropometric measurements like height, weight, body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Inclusion criteria. Females between the age group of 18-25years having regular menstrual cycles (21-35days) were included. Females experiencing dysmenorrhea for the last three months with every menstruation & who are not on any medication were considered as cases. Females who are not suffering from dysmenorrhea were considered as eumenorrhea subjects. Exclusion criteria. Females with irregular menstrual cycles, or taking treatment for dysmenorrhea like OCPs were excluded. Females who are diag
Introduction : Different phases of menstrual cycle are accompanied by variations in autonomic functions upto different degrees. So any factor which causes disruption of the pattern of menstrual cyclicity in an individual shall also be reflected in her autonomic activity. Aim & Objectives : To evaluate , assess and compare autonomic responses in low and normal BMI females in different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials & Methods : Sixty (60) randomly selected Female subjects of age group 18-25 years were chosen and divided in two groups on the basis of WHO classification of BMI. Subjects with known history of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease or any other medical complications and taking medications which might influence their autonomic functions and BMI were excluded. A battery of five autonomic function tests was carried out on each subject under normal resting conditions. Results : On comparison of parasympathetic tests, it was observed that all the values were higher in dif...
IP innovative publication pvt ltd, 2020
Heart Rate Variability analysis has gained much importance in recent years, as a technique employed to explore the activity of autonomic nervous system (ANS), and as an important early marker for identifying different pathological conditions. Autonomic nervous activities fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare and evaluate the changes in the ANS activity measured by the frequency domain analysis during different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: The subjects consisted of 50 healthy adult females aged 22-40 years who had regular menstrual cycles. The electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were taken during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed by means of two main frequency components that is the low frequency (LF) and the high frequency (HF) components using appropriate software. Heart rate (HR) and blood pr essure (BP) were also recorded. Results: In the frequency domain analysis, the low frequency component (LF) was significantly higher (p<0.01) during the luteal phase and the high frequency component (HF) was significantly higher (p<0.01) in follicular phase. The LF/HF ratio was significantly greater in (p<0.01) the luteal phase compared to follicular and menstrual phases (p<0.001). Changes in Heart rate (HR) were maximum in the luteal phase and minimum in the follicular phase. Blood pressure (BP) did not show any significant change during different phases of menstrual cycle.