Epidemiology, Evaluation and Surgical Treatment of undescended Testis in North Macedonia in the Period from 2011 to 2020 (original) (raw)
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Overview of Epidemiology and Management of Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism)
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Cryptorchidism (undescended testis, maldescendus testis) is a disorder in which one or together testes miscarry to slope into the bottommost of the scrotum. The study aimed to summarize the updated evidence regards, epidemiology, etiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatments of Cryptorchidism or undescended testis. Several causes can result in developing cryptorchidism. Disruption of any phase of testicular prolapse due to genetic hormonal, structural, ecological, or social issues can lead to cryptorchidism. The diagnosis of undescended testes is clinical. The test should be performed by an experienced person and should always be performed using a two-way technique. In some cases, imaging diagnostics for cryptorchidism may be helpful. The rationale for treating cryptorchidism is to reduce the risk of its long-term consequences. Current treatments for undescended testes include hormone therapy, orchopexy, and surgical correction.
2021
Background: Undescended testis (UDT) is the most common abnormality of the male genital system. To date, no study has been carried out to determine the prevalence of UDT and its risk factors in Tehran. This study aimed to determine the frequency of cryptorchidism and its risk factors in male infants who were born at three university hospitals in Tehran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on boys born at three major university hospitals (Baharlou, Yas, and Ziaeian Hospitals) in Tehran between 2016 and 2018. All of the newborns were examined on the first or second day of birth. Demographic data were collected using hospital databases after getting permission. Also, the pregnancy care card was used to collect maternal complications of pregnancy, including gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, eclampsia, fetal malignancy, preterm, and late delivery. Results: A total of 1,350 boys were evaluated. Eleven (0.81%) boys had UDT. There were statistically significant associations...
World Journal of Pediatric Surgery
ObjectiveUndescended testes (UDT) is the most common anomaly of the male genitourinary tract. The guidelines suggest that orchidopexy in congenitally UDT should be performed between 6 months and 18 months of age, while in acquired UDT, orchidopexy should be performed before puberty. Delay in treatment increases the risk of cancer and infertility. The main aim of this study was to determine whether we meet international standards in the treatment of UDT.MethodsThe present study included all boys who underwent orchidopexy either due to congenital or acquired UDT in 2019 (from January 1 to December 31). For each group, laterality, location, associated anomalies, premature birth and in how many cases ultrasound was applied were determined. Additionally, for each group, the types of surgery, the number of necessary reoperations, and in how many cases atrophy occurred were determined. Finally, ages of referral, of clinical examination, and of orchidopexy were determined.ResultsDuring this...
The undescended testis: diagnosis, treatment and long-term consequences
Deutsches Ärzteblatt international, 2009
The late descent of a testicle into the scrotum may impair its development. Reduced fertility is the main risk of primary cryptorchidism even after timely treatment, as histopathological changes (Leydig cell hypoplasia) already become apparent in the first few months of life. There is evidence, however, that treatment is often delayed. Hormonal and surgical treatments complement each other and should be provided before the child's first birthday. Selective literature search in PubMed (January 2008) based on the following keywords: "cryptorchidism", "maldescensus testis", "etiology", "therapy", "semen quality", "testicular cancer". Particular attention was paid to the current S2 guidelines on cryptorchidism. Hormone therapy is the best initial treatment in most cases, with a few exceptions. If this is unsuccessful, surgery should be performed without delay. The success of treatment depends on the initial position of the ...
Cryptorchidism and its Effects on Histomorphology of Testis in Paediatric Age Group
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2019
BACKGROUND Numerous histological studies on undescended testis have attempted to understand the pathophysiology of cryptorchidism and have helped in the clinical management of this congenital aberration. Undescended testis is associated with high risk of infertility and cancer. This study was performed on orchidectomy specimens of cryptorchidism at a tertiary paediatric referral centre in order to understand the histological changes of cryptorchidism and correlate them with age. METHODS A retrospective study of 5 years was performed at a tertiary paediatric referral centre. 21 orchidectomy specimens of undescended testis were included in the study. Most of the cases were associated with torsion as orchidectomy was not performed for viable testis and a direct orchiopexy was done. Specimens with large areas of haemorrhage and necrosis were excluded and microscopically viable areas were studied. Seven histological criteria were taken into account and correlated with histology. An extensive review of literature was done. RESULTS Histology revealed that all the seven microscopic criteria taken into account including absence of germ cells were more severe with increasing age of the patients. CONCLUSIONS To avoid irreversible damage to germinal cells, orchiopexy should be performed early, and a simultaneous biopsy should be taken to know the degree of histological changes and to determine the necessity of institution of supplementary hormonal treatment. At the time of birth, cryptorchid testis do harbour germ cells. But from fifteen years of age onwards, germ cells decrease. In our study, most normal findings were observed in children of less than two years of age; afterwards there was a damage of tubules and epithelium and fibrosis of the stroma was seen. As proven by many studies earlier, orchiopexy is needed for cryptorchidism. Also, a testicular biopsy should be performed in older boys in order to give any hormonal supplementation if needed.
Presentation and management of undescended testes: a prospective study
International Surgery Journal, 2018
Background: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common disorders encountered in pediatric urology. This can lead to infertility, higher risk of testicular trauma, testicular malignancy, torsion testis, and strangulation of associated inguinal hernia. Hence a study was conducted to evaluate the presentation, complications, and the management of undescended testis.Methods: Patients presented with undescended testis to the General Surgery Department in a tertiary center from November 2012 to May 2014 were included in the study.Results: A total of 40 patients studied during the study period. Thirty-four (85%) testes were palpable. Twenty-four (60%) testes were intracanalicular in position. Thirty-eight (95%) patients underwent orchidopexy and two (5%) underwent ochidectomy (one gangrenous torsion testis and one nubbin). Three (8%) patients developed hematoma; one had superficial surgical site infection. No patient developed testicular atrophy, and no one developed ascending testis.Conclus...
Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh
Background: The most common paediatric disorder among boy is undescended testis (UDT) which is usually identified during birth and these patients require proper treatment at the appropriate time due to increased risk of torsion, infertility, testicular cancer and associated inguinal hernia(>90%) as well as for cosmetic purposes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine side, palpability, age at presentation, associated anomalies and treatment plan in our institution. Methodology: This retrospective study was carried out in the department of Paediatric Surgery of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2017 to June 2019. Results: In this study 1.08% (213 children had UDT out of total paediatric outdoor 19803 patients) boys had UDT. They were aged from 7 months to 15 years (mean 5.61±3.81 years) at presentation. Only 16 (7.5%) patients presented within the 1 years of age in this study. 51.8% of patients presented at the age o...
Cryptorchidism: its influence on male fertility and the risk of the testicular tumor
International Surgery Journal
In the embryonic stage, the testes develop in the abdomen and descend to scrotum, just before or at birth. The undescended testis is the result of the arrest of descent of testis in some part along its path, to the scrotum. The bilateral undescended testis is called Cryptorchidism which means hidden testis. The factors that contribute to the descent of testis includes Gubernaculum testis, the differential growth of abdominal wall, intra-abdominal pressure and temperature, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), male sex hormones, insulin-like hormone 3 (INSL3) and maternal gonadotrophins. The descent of testis may become erratic and gives rise to undescended testis, ectopic testis, congenital hernia, and hydrocoele etc. As a rough estimate approximately 2-4% of male infants are born with Cryptorchism, thus making it, one of the most common congenital anomalies, in the male genitalia. It was found that the incidence of azoospermia in unilateral cryptorchidism was 13%, but in untreate...
Epidemiological Study on Undescended Testis
Although half a century ago doctors believed undescended testis could descend in the scrotum anytime during the childhood up to the beginning of puberty, today it is accepted that both testes should be in the bursae at the time of birth (in 3 – 4% of cases this is not the situation). Otherwise, according to the most authors, one can wait at most one year (incidence drops to 1%), and then, during the second year of life, the testicular descent must be performed, as pathological changes in the undescended testis are visible as early as from the age of two thanks to the improvement of optical microscopy. However, an important number of cases are still diagnosed as late as around puberty, the purpose of this study being to evidence some of the possible causes that lead to this delayed diagnosis, which results in the modification of condition prognosis. Introduction Half a century ago doctors believed undescended testis could descend in the scrotum anytime during the childhood up to the ...