Brain Activation during Word Identification and Word Recognition (original) (raw)
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Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2001
Fifty-three volunteer participants were studied with the fade-in task (Ostergaard, 1998) to measure naming latency, word priming, and recognition-memory performance, and with morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to measure volumes of mesial temporal lobe, diencephalic, striatal, and neocortical structures. The relationship between measures of cerebral volume loss and performance deficits was modeled using simultaneous regression analyses in which the behavioral measures were dependent variables. The results suggested that damage in both hippocampal and amygdala/entorhinal areas as well as damage in the diencephalon and the nucleus accumbens all contributed independently to the severity of recognition-memory deficits. Both caudate nucleus damage and hippocampal damage contributed independently to increased naming latency (slowed single-word reading). Finally, only damage in the hippocampus appeared to result in decreased word priming. These results provide further...
Intact priming of words and nonwords in amnesia
Amnesic patients and control subjects studied words and nonwords and were then given a perceptual identification test involving briefly presented new (i.e., unstudied) and old (i.e., previously studied) items. Perceptual priming was measured as an increase in the probability of idea. til~ying previously studied items in comparison with new items. Amnesic patients exhibited entirely normal priming for both old words and old nonwords. The amnesic patients were significantly impaired, however, in recognizing the items that had appeared on the perceptual identification test. The priming of nonwords did not appear to be based on the activation of words that were phonologically or orthographically similar tothe nonwords (i.e., the effect was not based onneigh. borhood effects). The results for nonwords therefore suggest that priming can involve the acquisition of new information, not simply the activation of preexisting representations. Perceptual priming isproposed to reflect specific changes in early-stage processing systems that operate prior to and independently of the systems required for establishing declarative memory.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1992
Event-related brain potentials were recorded from subjects as they attempted to identify words displayed tachistoscopically. Words that had also been presented a few minutes earlier in a different context were identified more often than were words that had not been presented before. This priming effect was observed for words initially seen in an imagery task requiring size estimations as well as for words initially seen in an orthographic task requiring letter counting. Unlike priming, recall and recognition were much better for words repeated from the imagery task than from the orthographic task. Brain potentials elicited during word identification also differed as a function of task. Based on these differences, a potential from 500 to 800 msec was interpreted as an index of recollection processes. Earlier potentials may have indexed processing related to priming. These effects thus provide measures of the hypothetical processes underlying memory performance and demonstrate that re...
Effects of prefrontal lesions on lexical processing and repetition priming: an ERP study
Brain research. Cognitive brain research, 1998
The role of left prefrontal cortex in lexical-semantic processing remains a matter of some debate. Functional neuroimaging experiments have reported blood flow changes in left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC) during tasks that involve word retrieval and semantic processing. Some of these studies have also implicated LIPC in repetition priming. To determine the necessity of prefrontal cortex for these types of memory and to elucidate their time-course, behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of lexical processing and repetition priming were examined in 11 stroke patients with lesions centered in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 46). Damage extended inferiorly and posteriorly to areas 6, 8, 44, and 45 in some subjects, so patients were subdivided into anterior and posterior frontal subgroups. Visually presented words and pronounceable non-words were repeated after one of three delays. Subjects categorized stimuli as either words or non-words in a lexical de...
Task and Stimulus Demands Influence Letter-case-Specific Priming in the Right Cerebral Hemisphere
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 1999
A greater tendency to complete single-completion word stems (e.g.``BEY' ') to form previously read whole words (e.g.``BEYON D' ') was found when test stem s were presented in the same letter case as their previously encoded words, compared with the different letter case, but only when stems were presented directly to the right hem isphere (i.e. in the left visual field) and not when they were presented directly to the left hemisphere (i.e. in the right visual field). This finding with single-completion stems was robust (i.e. observed for both lowercase and uppercase stems) when the initial encoding task was perceptually demanding, but it was test-case dependent (i.e. observed for uppercase but not lowercase stems) when the initial encoding task was not perceptually demanding. Results and theory help to explain wh y letter-case-specific prim ing in right-hem isphere test presentations is typically test-case dependent when priming is measured using perceptual identification at test, but is consistently robust when priming is measured using multiple-completion word stems (e.g.``BEA' ') at test. Dem ands from both the stimuli and tasks affect the relative contributions of abstract and specific subsystem s to the processing of visual forms. LAT ERALITY, 1999, 4 (2), 127±147 Requests for reprints should be sent to C.
Journal of Memory and Language, 2000
Five experiments investigated repetition priming on an indirect speeded word reading (naming) test, a task intended to circumvent conscious recollection. Reading a word or generating it from a semantic cue (either a phrase or an antonym) produced reliable priming of similar magnitude on this indirect test of memory. Efforts to encourage conscious recollection elevated response latencies in speeded reading and improved performance on a direct test of recognition memory, without creating a difference in the amount of priming observed in the Read and Generate conditions. We also found more priming for visually than for auditorily studied words, consistent with the standard pattern for indirect tests assumed to be data-driven. Speeded word reading provides a good measure of repetition priming because the fully exposed target word recruits both perceptual and conceptual aspects of the initial interpretive encoding episode.
An Electrophysiological Measure of Priming of Visual Word-Form
Consciousness and Cognition, 1998
Priming and recollection are expressions of human memory mediated by different brain events. These brain events were monitored while people discriminated words from nonwords. Mean response latencies were shorter for words that appeared in an earlier study phase than for new words. This priming effect was reduced when the letters of words in study-phase presentations were presented individually in succession as opposed to together as complete words. Based on this outcome, visual word-form priming was linked to a brain potential recorded from the scalp over the occipital lobe about 450 ms after word onset. This potential differed from another potential previously associated with recollection, suggesting that distinct operations associated with these two types of memory can be monitored at the precise time that they occur in the human brain.
Repetition Priming in Speeded Word Reading: Contributions of
2002
Five experiments investigated repetition priming on an indirect speeded word reading (naming) test, a task intended to circumvent conscious recollection. Reading a word or generating it from a semantic cue (either a phrase or an antonym) produced reliable priming of similar magnitude on this indirect test of memory. Efforts to encourage conscious recollection elevated response latencies in speeded reading and improved performance on a direct test of recognition memory, without creating a difference in the amount of priming observed in the Read and Generate conditions. We also found more priming for visually than for auditorily studied words, consistent with the standard pattern for indirect tests assumed to be data-driven. Speeded word reading provides a good measure of repetition priming because the fully exposed target word recruits both perceptual and conceptual aspects of the initial interpretive encoding episode.
Stimulus-driven changes in the direction of neural priming during visual word recognition
NeuroImage, 2015
Visual object recognition is generally known to be facilitated when targets are preceded by the same or relevant stimuli. For written words, however, the beneficial effect of priming can be reversed when primes and targets share initial syllables (e.g., "boca" and "bono"). Using fMRI, the present study explored neuroanatomical correlates of this negative syllabic priming. In each trial, participants made semantic judgment about a centrally presented target, which was preceded by a masked prime flashed either to the left or right visual field. We observed that the inhibitory priming during reading was associated with a left-lateralized effect of repetition enhancement in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), rather than repetition suppression in the ventral visual region previously associated with facilitatory behavioral priming. We further performed a second fMRI experiment using a classical whole-word repetition priming paradigm with the same hemifield procedure and...