Toxicity of Nanoparticles (original) (raw)
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A Review of Nanoparticles Toxicity and Their Routes of Exposures
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012
The new scientific innovation of engineering nanoparticles (NPs) at the atomic scale of 100 nm or less, has led to numerous novel and useful wide applications in electronics, chemicals, environmental protection, biological medicine. Manufacturers and consumers of the nanoparticles-related industrial products however, are likely to be exposed to these engineered nanomaterials which have various physical and chemical properties. These nanosize particles are likely to increase an unnecessary infinite toxicological effect on animals and environment, although their toxicological effects associated with human exposure are still unknown. In order to understand the effects of these exposures, this review seeks to examine the various toxicological portal routes associated with NPs exposures. These NPs can enter the host systems via skin spores, debilitated tissues, injection, olfactory, respiratory and intestinal tracts. These uptake routes of NPs may be intentional or unintentional. Their entry may lead to various diversified adverse biological effects. Until a clearer picture emerges, the limited data available suggest that caution must be exercised when potential exposures to NPs are encountered. Methods used in determining NPs portal of entry into experimental animals include pharyngeal instillation, injection, inhalation, cell culture lines and gavage exposures. This review also provides a step by step systematic approach for the easy identification and addressing of occupational health hazards arising from NPs.
Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: Nanotoxicology
Journal of Toxicology, 2021
Nanoparticles are of great importance in development and research because of their application in industries and biomedicine. The development of nanoparticles requires proper knowledge of their fabrication, interaction, release, distribution, target, compatibility, and functions. This review presents a comprehensive update on nanoparticles’ toxic effects, the factors underlying their toxicity, and the mechanisms by which toxicity is induced. Recent studies have found that nanoparticles may cause serious health effects when exposed to the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact without caution. The extent to which toxicity is induced depends on some properties, including the nature and size of the nanoparticle, the surface area, shape, aspect ratio, surface coating, crystallinity, dissolution, and agglomeration. In all, the general mechanisms by which it causes toxicity lie on its capability to initiate the formation of reactive species, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, among others.
Health concerns of various nanoparticles: A review of their in vitro and in vivo toxicity
2018
Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in diverse disciplines, including biology, medicine science. The central question that need to be answered is whether NPs have toxic effects on biological cells and molecules or are they safe. The safety of NPs including targeted drug delivery is critical and so is their toxicity in the environment. In recent years, in vitro and in vivo research on animals has generated abundant information about the toxicity of NPs. However, due to varying laboratory conditions, the comparison of the results from ensuing studies is somewhat unreliable. It should be noted that, depending on the type of production, NPs can enter the body through inhalation, skin and via digestive routes. Due to the diversity of NPs and their properties, there is paucity of accurate information on their toxicological effects; particle size, shape, surface area and the chemical levels are considered as key factors in creating health and toxicological effects. Consequently, there is a...
Nanoparticle induced Nanotoxicity: An Overview
Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014
ABSTARCT Nanotechnology investigation is generating extraordinary improvements for identifying, treating, and avoiding health problems. However, while nanoparticles can mainly to breakthrough applications, they may also root for dangerous side effects. It has been revealed that nanomaterials can enter the human body through a number of ports. Nanoparticle can modify the physiochemical properties of material as well as create the opportunity for increased the uptake and interaction with biological tissue through inhalation ingestion and injection. This combination effects generate adverse biological effects in living cell. Health effects of nanoparticles are attracting extensive and increasing concern of the public and government worldwide. So far, most of the nanotoxicity investigation concentrated on respiratory tract contacts for considering the health effects of nanoparticles. Other exposure routes, e.g., gastrointestinal tract also need to be considered as potential portals of entry. We review the recent accepting threat of NPs resulting from the novel science of nanotoxicology and the restricted exploration to date into human contact to these particles.
Interactive threats of nanoparticles to the biological system
Immunology Letters, 2014
The use of nanoscale materials is growing exponentially, but concerns rise about the human hazards cannot be ignored. Nanotechnology has penetrated deep into our lives in diversified areas as engineering, information technology and diagnostics. Nonetheless owing to their peculiar properties these new materials also present new health risks upon interacting with biological systems. This is a typical case of technology preceding toxicity and therefore, various toxicological aspects for an array of nanomaterials are just beginning to be assessed. Several deleterious effects are being noticed, particularly in vitro situations as well as in mammalian system. Nanoparticles toxicity is compellingly related to oxidative stress, alteration of calcium homeostasis, gene expression, pro-inflammatory responses and cellular signalling events. It is therefore critical to understand the nature and origin of the toxicity imposed by nanomaterials. Keeping all these points in mind, the present review provides updated information on the various aspects such as sources of production, effect of different physical properties, interaction with biological system and mechanisms of engineered nanoparticles induced toxicities.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world through introduction of a unique class of materials and consumer products in many arenas. It has led to production of innovative materials and devices. Despite of their unique advantages and applications in domestic and industrial sectors, use of materials with dimensions in nanometers has raised the issue of safety for workers, consumers, and human environment. Because of their small size and other unique characteristics, nanoparticles have ability to harm human and wildlife by interacting through various mechanisms. We have reviewed the characteristics of nanoparticles which form the basis of their toxicity. This paper also reviews possible routes of exposure of nanoparticles to human body. Dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion have been discussed in detail. As very limited data is available for long-term human exposures, there is a pressing need to develop the methods which can determine short and long-term effects of nanoparticles ...
In Vivo Toxicity of Nanoparticles: Modalities and Treatment
European Chemical Bulletin, 2014
In the present scenario, the burgeoning field of nanotechnology is playing central role in various real world applications. Researches engrossing nanoparticles are evolving at a rapid pace owing to which engineered nanomaterials are increasingly becoming part of daily life in the form of cosmetics, food packaging, drug delivery, therapeutics, biosensors, etc. It is intrigued that the properties of nanoparticles which bestow them their unique physicochemical characteristics could also lead to adverse biological consequences such as increased uptake and interaction with the biological systems. Nanomaterials, due to their small size could enter the body through various semi open anatomical interfaces and can penetrate through cells and organelles and disrupt their normal function, which could lead to tissue inflammation, altered cellular redox balance or even cell death. Nanoparticles unlike larger particles can transverse through the circulatory/lymphatic to various vital organs of th...
Target Organ Toxicity by Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where the phenomena take place at nano-scale dimensions. Nanotechnology deals with particles sized between 1 to 100 nanometers in at least one dimension and it involves developing or modifying materials or devices within that size. Nanoparticles have different physical, chemical, electrical and optical properties than those that occur in bulk samples of the same material. All aspects of life will benefit from the revolution in nanotechnology. Engineered nanoparticles are increasingly produced for use in a wide range of industrial and consumer products. Hundreds of tons of nanoparticles already enter in the environment annually, but still very little is known of their interactions with biological systems. The challenge for toxicologists is to identify key factors that can be used to predict the toxicity, permit targeted screening, safe and sustained development and use of nanoparticles. In order to gain a sustained development, new technology always needs a good balance between benefit and risk. The aim of this paper is to summarize the target organ toxicity of nanoparticles in different biological systems.
Cellular and Organismal Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Its Associated Health Concerns
NanoBioMedicine, 2020
The demand for nanotechnology in biomedical science is escalating rapidly as novel nanomaterials help in rebuilding the life of patients suffering from serious health conditions. Nanomaterials are widely used for biomedical applications such as drug delivery carriers, diagnostic agents, image-contrasting agents, tissue engineering, targeted cancer therapy, and so on. However, due to poor understanding of mechanisms at the nanoscale, nature had to deal with the negative face of the nanotechnology broadly called as nanotoxicity. Nanotoxicology is therefore the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials at the cellular, organism, and environmental levels. Variety of nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from sources like metals, semiconductors, polymers, and lipids behave differently in cells due to the difference in their surface functionality, size and shape anisotropy, charge and dispersity in polar or nonpolar solvents, etc. Therefore, since the last decade, the scientific community has shown keen interest to understand the NPs toxicity at different biological levels of the organization. Cellular toxicity is mainly due to the intervention of NPs in cellular processes leading to oxidative stress, altered signaling, proliferation, and death pathways. Nanotoxicity in organism level causes defects in physiological functioning, behavior, and reproduction. Herein, this chapter enlightens various effects of commonly used NPs at cellular level as well as in organisms that may have implications linked to serious abnormal conditions such as cancer, diabetes, neurodisorders, cardiovascular, and hepatotoxicity.