Modulation Analysis in Macro-Molecular Communications (original) (raw)
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IEEE Communications Letters, 2018
Molecular communication (MC) is a method where the transmission of information involves the use of molecules rather than electromagnetic (EM) waves. In this paper an open-air transmission MC experiment is conducted to study signal behavior and the noise. A mass spectrometer is used as the detector and an in-house-built odor generator is used as transmitter. It is shown that the signal amplitude loss of the signal can be modelled by using advection-diffusion with decay equation. In addition, the noise of the system has shown to have similar characteristics to that of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).
Performance of macro-scale molecular communications with sensor cleanse time
2014 21st International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), 2014
In this paper, we consider a molecular diffusion based communications link that conveys information on the macro-scale (several metres). The motivation is to apply molecular-based communications to challenging electromagnetic environments. We first derive a novel capture probability expression of a finite sized receiver. The paper then introduces the concept of time-aggregated molecular noise at the receiver as a function of the rate at which the sensor can self-cleanse. The resulting inter-symbol-interference is expressed as a function of the sensor cleanse time, and the performance metrics of bit error rate, throughput and round-trip-time are derived. The results show that the performance is very sensitive to the sensor cleanse time and the drift velocity. The paper concludes with recommendations on the design of a real communication link based on these findings and applies the concepts to a test-bed.
2010 25th Biennial Symposium on Communications, 2010
Spatiotemporal distribution and modulation schemes suitable for medium-to-long range molecular communication and networks have been investigated in this paper. This research has basically focused on bio-inspired transmission techniques for concentration-encoded nanoscale molecular communication system. Spatiotemporal distribution of a carrier signal in the form of concentration of diffused molecules and diffusion-dependent ranges are explained. Finally, the performance of modulation schemes has been evaluated in the form of steady state loss of amplitude of received concentration signals and its dependence to transmitter-receiver distance.
A Survey on Modulation Techniques in Molecular Communication via Diffusion
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
This survey paper focuses on modulation aspects of molecular communication, an emerging field focused on building biologically-inspired systems that embed data within chemical signals. The primary challenges in designing these systems are how to encode and modulate information onto chemical signals, and how to design a receiver that can detect and decode the information from the corrupted chemical signal observed at the destination. In this paper, we focus on modulation design for molecular communication via diffusion systems. In these systems, chemical signals are transported using diffusion, possibly assisted by flow, from the transmitter to the receiver. This tutorial presents recent advancements in modulation and demodulation schemes for molecular communication via diffusion. We compare five different modulation types: concentration-based, type-based, timing-based, spatial, and higher-order modulation techniques. The end-to-end system designs for each modulation scheme are presented. In addition, the key metrics used in the literature to evaluate the performance of these techniques are also presented. Finally, we provide a numerical bit error rate comparison of prominent modulation techniques using analytical models. We close the tutorial with a discussion of key open issues and future research directions for design of molecular communication via diffusion systems.
Molecular Communication over Gas Stream Channels using Portable Mass Spectrometry
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 2017
The synthetic generation/coding and transmission of olfactory information over a gas stream or an odor network is a new and unexplored field. Application areas vary from the entertainment or advertisement industry to security and telemedicine. However, current technological limitations frustrate the accurate reproduction of decoded and transmitted olfactory data. This study describes the development, testing, and characterization of a novel odor emitter (OE) that is used to investigate the generation-encoding of gaseous standards with odorous characteristics with a regulatable way, for scent transmission purposes. The calibration and the responses of a developed OE were examined using a portable quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS). Experiments were undertaken for a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at different temperatures and flow rates. Individual compounds and mixtures were tested to investigate periodic and dynamic transmission characteristics within two different size t...
Intersymbol and co-channel interference in diffusion-based molecular communication
2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2012
paradigm where information is exchanged by the release, the propagation and the reception of molecules. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of interference in the most general type of MC system, i.e., the diffusion of molecules in a fluidic medium. The study of the InterSymbol Interference (ISI) and Co-Channel Interference (CCI) is conducted through the analysis of the propagation of signals in a diffusion-based channel. An indepth analysis of the attenuation and the dispersion of signals due to molecule diffusion allows to derive simple closed-form formulas for both ISI and CCI. In this paper, two different modulation schemes, namely, the baseband modulation and the diffusion wave modulation are considered for the release of molecules in the diffusion-based MC and are compared in terms of interference. It is determined that the diffusion wave modulation scheme shows lower interference values than the baseband modulation scheme. Moreover, it is revealed that the higher is the frequency of the modulating diffusion wave, the lower are the effects of the ISI and the CCI on the communication channel. The obtained analytical results are compared and validated by numerical simulation results.
Simulation Study of Messenger Molecule Displacement in Communication via Diffusion
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2017
Molecular Communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a new communication paradigm that uses molecules as the information carrier between the nano-machines. The end to end MolecUlar CommunicatIoN (MUCIN) simulator tool is used to explore the characteristics of the MCvD channel. This simulator considered Binary Concentration Shift Keying (BCSK) technique for modulating binary information symbols, support 1-dimensional environment, and send symbols consecutively. The main issues of MCvD system are the Inter-Symbol Interference that arises when the molecules belonging to the previous symbol come into the current symbol. Conventional MCvD system exhibits a long tail of received molecular histogram, results in higher ISI. In this paper, the displacement of a messenger molecule is increased to reduce the amount of stray molecules in the MCvD channel. The proposed technique shows the first hitting time distribution to determine the highest reception of the information carrying molecules by the receiver. We also evaluate the performance of proposed scheme for different values of step length in terms of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), symbol detection and communication delay. Our results indicate that introducing proposed technique significantly improves the performance of MCvD system.
On Receiver Design for Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2014
Diffusion-based communication refers to the transfer of information using molecules as message carriers whose propagation is governed by the laws of molecular diffusion. It has been identified that diffusion-based communication is one of the most promising solutions for end-to-end communication between nanoscale devices. In this paper, the design of a diffusion-based communication system considering stochastic signaling, arbitrary orders of channel memory, and noisy reception is proposed. The diffusion in the cases of one, two, and three dimensions are all considered. Three signal processing techniques for the molecular concentration with low computational complexity are proposed. For the detector design, both a low-complexity one-shot optimal detector for mutual information maximization and a near Maximum Likelihood (ML) sequence detector are proposed. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first that gives an analytical treatment of the signal processing, estimation, and detection problems for diffusion-based communication in the presence of ISI and reception noise. Numerical results indicate that the proposed signal processing technique followed by the one-shot detector achieves near-optimal throughput without the need of a priori information in both short-range and long-range diffusion-based communication scenarios, which suggests an ML sequence detector is not necessary. Furthermore, the proposed receiver design guarantees diffusion-based communication to operate without failure even in the case of infinite channel memory. A channel capacity of 1 bit per channel utilization can be ultimately achieved by extending the duration of the signaling interval.
Molecular Communication: Modeling and Simulations
This proposal is intended to address research challenges in Molecular Communication [4], a new and interdisciplinary research area that spans the nanotechnology, bioengineering, and communication technology. Molecular communication allows nanomachines (e.g., nano-scale devices) to communicate using molecules as a communication carrier. One of the applications of molecular communication is to nano-medicine [2], where nanomachines use molecular communication to interact with cells and tissues at a molecular scale, or nanomachines do so to interact with other nanomachines. In drug delivery systems, (now highly recognized as a multidisciplinary research area [3]), molecular communication provides mechanisms to deliver drugs in a manner that is friendly to the biological systems. For instance, soft sender nanomachines may be embedded in a human body and emit drug to the targeted receiver cells. In molecular communication, biological systems are artificially modified to function as networking devices that may perform error correction, collision avoidance, amplification, filtering, and routing. Molecular communication differs from electrical communication as shown in Table 1; and these differences create a challenge in designing molecular communication systems. This project is to test one type of molecular communication systems designed by Dr. Nakano through computer simulations. Since December of 2004, I have been conducting simulation studies of molecular communication systems using cell simulation software, CellWare [5] and exploring a mathematical basis of simulation algorithms. The goal of my research is to design a realistic simulation model that takes stochastic aspects of living systems into Data Communication Molecular Communication Electrical/optical signals Carriers Chemical signals Wires, airborne Environment Aqueous High speed (3x10 5 km/s) and Communication Slow (10 -1 km/s) and short Long range (m -km) Characteristics Range (nm -m) High accuracy and high System Low accuracy due to stochastic energy consumption Characteristics Nature, and energy efficient
Index Modulation for Molecular Communication via Diffusion Systems
IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2019
Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a molecular communication method that utilizes the free diffusion of carrier molecules to transfer information at the nano-scale. Due to the random propagation of carrier molecules, inter-symbol interference (ISI) is a major issue in an MCvD system. Alongside ISI, inter-link interference (ILI) is also an issue that increases the total interference for MCvD-based multiple-input-multipleoutput (MIMO) approaches. Inspired by the antenna index modulation (IM) concept in traditional communication systems, this paper introduces novel IM-based transmission schemes for MCvD systems. In the paper, molecular space shift keying (MSSK) is proposed as a novel modulation for molecular MIMO systems, and it is found that this method combats ISI and ILI considerably better than existing MIMO approaches. For nanomachines that have access to two different molecules, the direct extension of MSSK, quadrature molecular space shift keying (QMSSK) is also proposed. QMSSK is found to combat ISI considerably well whilst not performing well against ILI-caused errors. In order to combat ILI more effectively, another dualmolecule-based novel modulation scheme called the molecular spatial modulation (MSM) is proposed. Combined with the Gray mapping imposed on the antenna indices, MSM is observed to yield reliable error rates for molecular MIMO systems.