Metabolic and biochemical changes in streptozotocin induced obese-diabetic rats treated with Phyllanthus niruri extract (original) (raw)
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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2017
Phyllanthus niruri is used in herbal medicine for treatment of diabetes. The objective of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic potential of P. niruri, using assays for a-glucosidase, muscle glucose transport, liver glucose production and adipogenesis. a-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was performed on aqueous and ethanolic extract of aerial parts of P. niruri. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of P. niruri showed aglucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 3.7 ± 1.1 and 6.3 ± 4.8 mg/mL, respectively. HR-bioassay/ HPLC-HRMS and NMR analysis was used for identification of compounds. Corilagin (1) and repandusinic acid A (2) were identified as a-glucosidase inhibitors in the water extract of P. niruri with IC 50 values of 0.9 ± 0.1 and 1.9 ± 0.02 mM, respectively. In in vitro cell-based bioassays, cells were treated for 18 h with maximal non-toxic concentrations of the ethanolic extract of P. niruri, which were determined by the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay. The ethanolic extract of P. niruri was not able to reduce glucose-6-phosphatase activity. However, the extract increased deoxyglucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells and enhanced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 fat cells which has been reported for the first time. The present study demonstrated that P. niruri may thus have potential application for treatment and/or management of type 2 diabetes.
Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes
In the present study, we investigated the biochemical alterations and gene expression of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after oral administration of Phyllanthus amarus. The quantitative estimation of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids showed that the extracts are rich in these compounds antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of the stem leaves of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Was evaluated by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared to the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner. Phyllanthus amarus significantly reduced the blood glucose level starting on the second week. Furthermore, the extract of P amarus showed significant increase in plasma insulin and tissue glycogen contents. The antidyslipidemic effect was demonstrated by a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while the cardio-protective lipid, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), was increased. Phyllanthus amarus also modulated the activities of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes by significantly increasing the activity of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase (p<0.05) and significantly reducing the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase (p<0.05). Phyllanthus amarus administration up-regulated mrna expression of Glucose Transporter-2 (GLUT-2), and increased lipolysis and cholesterol metabolism through up-regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Sterol Responsible Element Binding Protein-1a (STREBP-1a) expression. FAS expression was down regulated. The Phyllanthus amarus induced increase in serum insulin level, glucokinase (GK), aldolase, pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and glycogen synthase activities in addition to a higher expression of insulin receptor A (IRA), GK, SDH.
Since, we previously demonstrated that sequentially extracted methanolic fraction showed marked antioxidant and antidiabetic property in vitro, the present study was design to evaluate the beneficial effects of Phyllanthus virgatus methanolic extract and its partially purified frac-tion on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The plant extract was subjected to repeated thin layer chromatographic fractionation followed by GC-MS analysis of active fraction. TLC data illustrated the presence of six prominent bands and the prelimnary screening of these bands against α-amylase inhibitory activity showed that the band with R f value 0.514 has marked inhibitory property (IC 50 , 48 µg/ml). The diabetic rats were treated for four weeks with methanolic extract of P. virgatus (50 and 10 mg/rat/day), partially isolated active fraction (0.5 and 0.1 mg/rat/day) and glibenclamide (0.1 mg/rat/day). The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin, gly...
The present investigation shows the antihyperglycemic activity of methanol extract of Phyllanthus niruri (MEPN) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Blood glucose levels, body weight, food and liquid intake were measured on every 5 th day over a period of 14 days. A single i.p. injection of STZ at the dose of 65 mg/kg body weight elevated the glucose levels > 225 mg/dl after 5 days. Administration of MEPN at the dose of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight resulted in significant (p<0.05 and p<0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels. Body weights were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in STZ-induced diabetic rats when compared to normal rats while the extract significantly (p<0.05) prevented a decrease in body weight in the MEPN treated animals. The study was further undertaken to evaluate antioxidant potential of MEPN in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) resulted in reducing the free radical formation in various tissues such as liver, kidney, heart and brain of the diabetic rats. The results clearly indicate that the methanol extract of Phyllanthus niruri (MEPN) exhibits significant antihyperglycemic and in vivo antioxidant activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats and the results were found to be in a dose dependent manner.
2010
Alloxan administration in male Swiss albino mice, induced diabetes by increasing blood glucose concentration and reducing hepatic glycogen content as compared to normal control group. Besides, serum lipid profile parameters such as total-cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoproteincholesterol were also elevated, whereas, the level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic mice. Treatment of diabetic animals with crude ethanolic extract of bark of Prosopis cineraria (P. cineraria) for 45 days, significantly lowered blood glucose level, elevated hepatic glycogen content and maintained body weight and lipid-profile parameters towards near normal range. Declined activity of antioxidant enzymes and concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants were also normalized by drug treatment, thereby reducing the oxidative damage in the tissues of diabetic animals and hence indicating the anti-diabetic and antioxidant efficacy of the extract.
Treatments of diabetes with available agents come with one or more side effects, hence, the need for continual search of alternative treatment agents from medicinal plants. This study was designed to analyse qualitatively and quantitatively some phytochemicals in methanolic extract in Phyllanthus fraternus and evaluate their hypoglycaemic activity in both diabetic and normal rats. Sixty-six rats were used of which forty-two were diabetic. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (STZ). Thirty male rats of which twenty-four were diabetic were divided into five (5) groups of six rats each were used for prolonged treatment: Normal, diabetic control, standard control, and two treatments that were orally administered at a dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of crude methanolic leaf extracts of P. fraternus for 28 days. Thirty six (36) rats were used for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) which was divided into six groups of three rats each for both normal and diabetic rat. A single dose of 200 mg/kg body weight of crude and fractions (I, II and III) of methanolic leaf extracts of P. fraternus were orally administered to diabetic and normal rats before they were loaded with 2 g/kg body weight glucose. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extract showed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and saponins. Fraction I contained only flavonoid, fraction II and III contained more than three phytochemicals. Oral administration of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of methanolic extracts to diabetic rats significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum glucose levels in all the treatment groups. The results of OGGT showed that fraction I and metformin groups significantly (p<0.05) lowered blood glucose level 30 min after glucose load in both diabetic and normal rats when compared with their controls and other treatments groups. These results suggest P. fraternus methanolic leaf extract have phytochemicals with glucose lowering ability especially fraction I that competes favorably with metformin.
The hypoglycemic effect of Phyllanthus sellowianus fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
Phytomedicine, 2002
Phyllanthus sellowianus Müller Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine as a hypoglycemic and diuretic agent. The present study describes the hypoglycemic effect of fractions obtained from the stem barks of P. sellowianus using a bioassay-guided fractionation protocol and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice. The aqueous extract was partitioned between dichloromethane and butanol to yield the dichloromethane (D), butanol (B) and the remaining aqueous (A) fractions. Fractions B and A, administered at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o., caused a significant reduction in blood glucose concentration at 6 and 9 h, while the same dose of fraction D was ineffective. The reduction in blood glucose levels obtained with the B and A fractions was similar to that observed with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) which was used as a reference for the hypoglycemic activity. Phytochemical analysis of fractions B and A revealed the presence of flavonoid compounds, of wich rutin and isoquercitrin were the major constituents, respectively. The possible involvement of these flavonoids in the hypoglycemic effect of the active fractions is discussed.
2010
Diabetes is known to involve oxidative stress and changes in lipid metabolism. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of an ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on antidiabetic, antioxidant and lipid profile in plasma and tissues (liver and kidney) of experimental diabetes. Thirty rats were allocated randomly into 5 groups, each of 6 rats. Group I was acted as control group, group II rats were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg bw), group III rats received Phyllanthus emblica fruit ethanolic extract (PFEet) (200 mg/kg bw) by using an intragastric tube for 45 days, group IV rats received glibenclamide (600 µg/kg bw), group V rats given PFEet (200 mg/kg bw) alone. Ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruits was administered orally at doses of 200 mg/kg body weight for 45 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose and a significant increase in plasma insulin in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats had elevated levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (VLDL-C), LDL-cholesterol, Free Fatty Acids (FFA), Phospholipids (PL), Triglycerides (TG) and decreased HDL-cholesterol. Diabetic rats fed PFEet showed a significant reduction in TC, VLDL-C, LDL-C, FFA, PL, TG and an elevation in HDL-C. In conclusion, the observations from this study show that Phyllanthus emblica has antidiabetic and its beneficial effects on lipid profile, thus it can be recommended for use as a natural supplementary herbal remedy in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.
Treatments of diabetes with available agents come with one or more side effects, hence, the need for continual search of alternative treatment agents from medicinal plants. This study was designed to analyse qualitatively and quantitatively some phytochemicals in methanolic extract in Phyllanthus fraternus and evaluate their hypoglycaemic activity in both diabetic and normal rats. Sixty-six rats were used of which forty-two were diabetic. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (STZ). Thirty male rats of which twenty-four were diabetic were divided into five (5) groups of six rats each were used for prolonged treatment: Normal, diabetic control, standard control, and two treatments that were orally administered at a dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of crude methanolic leaf extracts of P. fraternus for 28 days. Thirty six (36) rats were used for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) which was divided into six groups of three rats each for both normal and diabetic rat. A single dose of 200 mg/kg body weight of crude and fractions (I, II and III) of methanolic leaf extracts of P. fraternus were orally administered to diabetic and normal rats before they were loaded with 2 g/kg body weight glucose. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extract showed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and saponins. Fraction I contained only flavonoid, fraction II and III contained more than three phytochemicals. Oral administration of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of methanolic extracts to diabetic rats significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum glucose levels in all the treatment groups. The results of OGGT showed that fraction I and metformin groups significantly (p<0.05) lowered blood glucose level 30 min after glucose load in both diabetic and normal rats when compared with their controls and other treatments groups. These results suggest P. fraternus methanolic leaf extract have phytochemicals with glucose lowering ability especially fraction I that competes favorably with metformin.
2011
The effects of aqueous extract of Phyllathus amarus and Vitex doniana stem bark on blood glucose of Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes rats and some liver biochemical parameters were investigated. Study was conducted with 36 albino rats (wistar strain). Thirty- six rats (30 diabetic and 6 non-diabetic) were assigned into six groups of 6 rats each. Daily administration of the extracts for 21 days was done. Group 1 were the control animals, and group two diabetic control, while those of group 3, 4 and 5 were administered (100 mg/kg body weight extracts of Phyllanthus amarus, Vitex doniana and combination of the two respectively, group 6 was injected with insulin (5 units/kg) as a standard drug. Significantly (p<0.05) lower fasting blood glucose relative to their initial values at the end of treatment were observed for all treated group compared to normal and diabetic control. Similarly fasting blood glucose respectively decrease by 46.53, 74.46, 37.31 and 66.6% for Phyllanthus a...