The Government Effort towards Rural Sanitation since Independence (original) (raw)
Related papers
Swachh Bharat Mission—Implementation and Performance in Rural Areas of Select States
Waste Management and Resource Efficiency
Mahatma Gandhi once said, 'Sanitation is more important than independence' [1]. First Sanitation Programme in India was launched by the Government of India in 1986 which was restructured in 1999 and 2012. But it could not lead to substantial increase in the coverage of rural households with sanitation facilities. After 64 years of independence, Census 2011 revealed that 67.30% rural households had no access to the toilet in India. The present Government which was formed in 2014 put sanitation in its top priorities and launched Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) on 2 October 2014. One of the objectives of this Mission is to achieve open defecation free (ODF) status by 2 October 2019 as a tribute to 'Mahatma Gandhi' on his 150th birth anniversary. The problem of open defecation is not equally distributed among the States of India. This paper tries to evaluate the impact of the Mission considering the increase in coverage of households with sanitation facilities in six States, namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha and West Bengal by 31 March 2017 which had 675.02 lakh rural households without access to toilets accounting for 60.75% of total uncovered households with the individual household toilet in India as per the Baseline Survey conducted by Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 2012-13.
Regional economic development research, 2022
The government of India in the year 1999 established a sanitation program "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" (NBA), also known as the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) to create awareness among the rural population regarding the importance of sanitation. In contemporary status, the scheme Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) has been Disestablished and renovated with the new scheme "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" under the Clean India Mission on 2nd October 2014 to make India open defecation free by 2019. The objectives of the study are first to study the implementation of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in the rural & urban poor HHs. Secondly, to compare the implementation of the scheme between rural & urban poor HHs. Finally, to evaluate critically the implementation of the scheme. The hypothesis of the present study is that there is no significant difference in the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan between the rural & urban poor HHs. The hypothesis has been tested using an independent sample t-test and the result shows that there has been a significant difference in the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan between the rural & urban poor HHs, which has been revealed by the data that the beneficiaries of the scheme in the rural area are just 28 percent, while 90 percent in the urban area. This shows a clear picture of the difference in the implementation of the scheme between the rural & urban HHs.
2019
Poor sanitation is the reason for many diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, and many more. According to the WHO report, in India, around 600 million people are indulging in defecation in the field. It reports that in India, one in tenth deaths is due the poor sanitation hygiene. To overcome this problem, the prime minister of India has launched Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, which is an honour to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary in 2019. There are various factors which hinder proper sanitation, awareness about sanitation, improper facilities due to lack of money and culture etc. Swachchh Bharat Mission caters all the factors. In some culture, the toilet considered as very impure, so it has to be outside the house. This misconception has to be removed. This study did Meta-analysis of various research papers and official reports of WHO and Swachchh Bharat Mission. The study concluded that there should be a proper check on each stage from the sanction of subsidized amount fo...
Swachh Bharat Mission: Towards Good Sanitation for All
Amrit Mahotsav: 10 Policies Shaping a Sustainable India, 2022
/Financial-and-Economic-Impacts.pdf 3 Aashish Gupta et al., "Purity, pollution, and untouchability: challenges affecting the adoption, use, and sustainability of sanitation programmes in rural India" in Sustainable Sanitation for All, ed. Petra Bongartz et al, (Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing, 2016), https://core. ac.uk/download/pdf/286047218.pdf#page=301 4 "Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial", Lancet
Sanitation is one of the important Millennium Development Goals which covers the important aspects of management of human excreta, domestic and industrial wastewater and hazardous substances. It also includes reuse of recycled products which is part of this management. However, developing countries like India where highly increasing population leaves policy makers in worry to provide basic amenities; toilets are mainly focussed to manage human faces and urine. In order to achieve the MDG, Government of India has been running many policies like Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) and Total Sanitation Campaign. Convergence has also been done with schemes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA). However, it doesn't seem to be really an effort achieving the target in the time anyhow. So, Government has set a new deadline of 2022. This article will address the gaps and issues and will provide possible strategic solution in achieving the target.
India has not been able to achieve its MDG target on sanitation. The paper analyses the debate whether government should focus on community participation or heavily subsidize construction of toilets.
Fate of Rural Sanitation Scheme
International Journal of Research (IJR), 2014
This paper is a study of the Total Sanitation Campaign which sought to ensure open defecation free India by 2012. The campaign has been renamed as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in the 12th Five Year Plan. The study tries to see to what extent the campaign has been able to achieve its objects and whether the claims of some of the states to attain 100 percent open defecation free status are true or mis-represented. The major finding of this paper is that it shows how the claim of the open defecation free status is erroneous. The paper has been analytical and come out with some of the findings and suggestions which will be of great help to the policy planners and other people or agencies involved in the field of planning and management of schemes for development.
Rural Sanitation in India-2020
Dogo Rangsang Research Journal, 2020
The perception of sanitation generally includes waste disposal, personal hygiene and household as well as environmental hygiene. It would not be incorrect to articulate that it barely describes the sanitary conditions as they acquire in the rural India. The majority of the citizens still defecate in the open space, the majority of the villages lack waste management and sewage systems and many in the villages are unaware about the outcomes of poor sanitation and insanitary conditions. As a result, many people suffer and even die of diseases caused by harmful practices of personal and ecological hygiene. Rural sanitation numbers significantly in the National Agenda for supremacy. At present the degree of hygiene coverage in India is around 98 percent of all rural households as per Government portal data. The nonexistence of secure sanitation contributes considerably to the poor quality of life as reflected by well accepted perametres like Infant mortality and morbidity rates. Rural sanitation is a National subject. The central governments execute the rural sanitation programme under various policies. The central government supporting their efforts to providing monitory and scientific assistance through the centrally sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP). In this paper researcher will review various Government programmes for promoting safe and sustainable sanitation to rural India & This paper specifically deals with the various guidelines of Government of India.
Economic and Health Damages from Inadequate Sanitation: Experience from Rural Villages
International Journal of Management (IJM), 2020
Poor water quality and lack of access to improved sanitation continue to pose a significant threat to human health. The burden of disease analysis suggests that lack of access to safe water supply, sanitation and hygiene is the third most significant risk factor for poor health in developing countries with high mortality rates. Diarrhoea is the leading disease associated with unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and is responsible for the deaths. The study observed that out of the 150 respondents, 37% are 31-40 years, followed by 20-30 years with 32%. 130 (86.7%) respondents have got married, and 61% of the respondents are female. 85% adopted the nuclear family system, and 50% of respondents are illiterates in the study areas. 85% of respondents are daily wage earners, 37% are earnings rupees between 2000-2500 per month. 27% of respondents are landless labours, and 37% of households possess below 2 acres of land. 40% of respondents suffer from health problems, and 44% consume rice as their staple food. 62% of respondents have debts, and 33% got from money lenders. 62% of respondents do not have toilet facilities and go open defecation. 92% of respondents stated that toilet makes dignity, saves time and energy, saves their children school days, makes adolescent girls privacy, save wage loss, and toilet makes quality life.
BMJ Open, 2022
Objective Equitable and affordable access to improved sanitation facilities is linked to health and is among the priority areas of development programmes in a country like India. This study assesses the level of different sanitation facilities accessed by households and attempts to understand the socioeconomic characteristics of the households that received financial benefits from the Swachh Bharat Mission (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan), a Government of India flagship programme. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting and participants The study extracted data from the 76th round (2018) of the National Sample Survey, consisting of 106 837 households in India. Outcome measures Sanitation services and benefits received from the Swachh Bharat Mission in the last 3 years preceding the survey were the two outcome variables of this study. Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with the outcome variables. Results Findings show the existence of state and regional disparities, along with rural-urban gaps, in the accessibility of sanitation facilities. Half of the households (52%, n=55 555) had access to safely managed sanitation facilities, followed by basic services (14.8%, n=15 812), limited services (11.4%, n=12 179) and unimproved services/open defecation (21.8%, n=23 290). Limited and unimproved facilities decreased significantly (p<0.001) with increase in economic status, although poor and less educated households received the maximum benefit from the Swachh Bharat Mission. Conclusion The mission has been successful in increasing access overall; however, many people continue to lack access to improved sanitation and there remains a need to follow up poor and rural households to determine their usage of and the current state of their sanitation facilities.