Adoption of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Its Prospects for the Future (A Review) (original) (raw)
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CURRENT STATE OF FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN FOR EUROPEAN ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR
Following the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) which aims to accelerate the development and deployment of low carbon technologies, the European transport system is subject to a wide decarbonisation action. By 2050 the EU Commission's roadmap targets a 80% decrease of total CO2 levels compared to 1990, and a 60% decarbonisation of the road transport sector. Leading European energy companies and automotive manufacturers understood that hydrogen will play a major role as fuel and as an energy storage medium, responding directly to the societal challenges identified in the EU 2020 Strategy. It is also agreed that such transformation of the transport sector and related industries will require huge efforts and involvement of all public and private stakeholders. For short and mainly for long distance travel, the cleanest alternative is offered by electric vehicles powered by fuel cells working with hydrogen.
An overview of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012
As hydrogen fuel cell vehicles move from manifestation to commercialization, the users expect safe, convenient and customer-friendly fuelling. Hydrogen quality affects fuel cell stack performance and lifetime, as well as other factors such as valve operation. In this paper, previous researcher's development on hydrogen as a possible major fuel of the future has been studied thoroughly. Hydrogen is one of the energy carriers which can replace fossil fuel and can be used as fuel in an internal combustion engines and as a fuel cell in vehicles. To use hydrogen as a fuel of internal combustion engine, engine design should be considered for avoiding abnormal combustion. As a result it can improve engine efficiency, power output and reduce NO x emissions. The emission of fuel cell is low as compared to conventional vehicles but as penalty, fuel cell vehicles need additional space and weight to install the battery and storage tank, thus increases it production cost. The production of hydrogen can be 'carbon-free' only if it is generated by employing genuinely carbon-free renewable energy sources. The acceptability of hydrogen technology depends on the knowledge and awareness of the hydrogen benefits towards environment and human life. Recent study shows that people still do not have the sufficient information of hydrogen.
Ecological and Economic Conditions for Implementing Hydrogen Fuel
Journal of KONES, 2017
Hydrogenation of the motor transport has become the highest form of broadly understood contemporary electro mobility, with the use of hybrid vehicles through fully electrical vehicles to fuel cell vehicles. This article presents development of hydrogen technology applying fuel cells, in particular in road transport. The emission of greenhouse gases in the production cycles of the said fuel were discussed, depending on the use of various energy carriers in its production. Emphasis was given to the rationale underlying the production of hydrogen for the needs of fuel cells. Furthermore, the advantages were presented of exploiting electrical power for the production of hydrogen with the use of renewable sources of energy. The example of France was used to discuss the advantages of the hydrogen fuel technology for reducing the emission of combustion pollutants, in particular the emission of carbon dioxide. The article also evaluates – on the example of Poland – average unit costs (PLN/k...
Environmental and economic aspects of hydrogen production and utilization in fuel cell vehicles
Journal of Power Sources, 2006
A smooth transition from gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicles to ecologically clean hydrogen fuel cell vehicles depends on the process used for hydrogen production. Three technologies for hydrogen production are considered here: traditional hydrogen production via natural gas reforming, and the use of two renewable technologies (wind and solar electricity generation) to produce hydrogen via water electrolysis. It is shown that a decrease of environmental impact (air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions) as a result of hydrogen implementation as a fuel is accompanied by a decline in the economic efficiency (as measured by capital investments effectiveness). A mathematical procedure is proposed to obtain numerical estimates of environmental and economic criteria interactions in the form of sustainability indexes. On the basis of the obtained sustainability indexes, it is concluded that hydrogen production from wind energy via electrolysis is more advantageous for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and traditional natural gas reforming is more favorable for reducing air pollution.
A Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Automobiles Future Prospects
IRJET, 2023
In recognition of the harmful effects of typical gasoline automobile emissions, the scientific community is turning to environmentally benign energy sources. Despite the abundance of renewable energy sources, hydrogen is the most effective one for use as automobile fuel. Like electricity, hydrogen is a powerful energy carrier capable of carrying large quantities of energy. The capacity of the vehicle's onboard hydrogen storage must be taken into account while developing fuel cell cars. This research looks at a recent advancement in hydrogen fuel cell engines to investigate the practicality of utilising hydrogen as a primary fuel in transportation systems, A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces energy by reacting chemical gases and oxidants. The fuel cell separates the cation and anion in the reactant in addition to using anodes to produce power. Reactants are compounds employed in fuel cells that cause a chemical reaction that results in the production of water as a byproduct. Hydrogen is one of the most efficient energy carriers, therefore the fuel cell can provide direct current (DC) electricity to run the electric car. A hydrogen fuel cell, batteries, and a control system along with methods can be used to make a responsible hybrid vehicle.
Study of the effect on greenhouse gas emissions of vehicles powered by hydrogen generators
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019
This article presents four case studies carried out in the city of Bogotá-Colombia, on the reduction of emissions in private transport vehicles using Hydrogen Generators (HGE) by water electrolysis (electrolytic cells). The article proposes a possible scenario for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), as a result of the decrease in regular gasoline consumption due to the use of HGE in the case studies. The analysis focuses on the direct GHG (carbon dioxide-CO2, methane-CH4 and nitrous oxide-N2O) emitted in the combustion of gasoline engines, because they are gases of slow removal through physical, chemical and biological processes of the earth. The analyzes carried out show that the use of HGE in the case studies allows to reduce the CO2 equivalent emissions (CO2e) per car up to 25%, with an opportunity to reduce CO2e/passenger between 40% and 60%, due to the low number of people who normally move in each car. USE OF HGE IN TRANSPORT VEHICLES Hydrogen, besides being used industrially in various applications, can be used as fuel in internal combustion engines and in cells or fuel cells that produce electric power [9]. The hydrogen or hydrogen gas (HHO-Oxy Hydrogen) can be produced by several processes [10,11]; one of these is the electrolysis of water, which is produced by a device known as a hydrogen generator, by electrolysis of
Evaluation of the CO2 emissions pathway from hydrogen production to fuel cell car utilisation
IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 2017
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are perceived to be an intelligent transport choice for reducing emissions and are subject to considerable research and development as well as government incentives to accelerate deployment. However, though FCEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions they could, depending on the methods used to generate and distribute hydrogen, be more or less environmentally friendly than EVs or other alternatives. In this study, the authors review state-of-theart FC technologies and identify the less polluting options. The environmental impact of FCEVs, pure battery EVs and internal combustion engine cars are then modelled, compared and forecast to 2050 under various scenarios. Finally, recommendations are made supporting solutions offering the most environmentally friendly way forward.
Hydrogen Powered Vehicles-An Overview
Every day we come across headlines stating the increase in the usage of petroleum, diesel, or the drastic changes in the weather due to Global warming. Because of this very reason mankind has started looking for alternative fuels and energy sources. Strenuous efforts have been made over the past few decades finding if the simplest element i.e. Hydrogen can actually deliver, serve the purpose of an alternative fuel and reduce our reliance on oil. Is Hydrogen capable of replacing conventional fuels like gasoline/diesel? Our paper highlights the important aspects of hydrogen powered vehicles, their types, and imprints a notion of being in a pollution free state with negligible tailpipe emissions as well as shows the hindering pitfall of its usage.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019
Energy, either from non-renewable or renewable sources, is of paramount importance as the progress of a country is gauged on economic development. However, with the use of non-renewable energy resources, the environmental degradation is exacerbating with every passing day in developing countries including Pakistan. On the contrary, the developed countries are resorting to sustainable and renewable energy resources to achieve sustainable development goals. The primary consumer of the non-renewable energy sources is transportation sector in Pakistan, with the total consumption amounting to almost two-third of the total utilization. Keeping in view the existing energy expenditures and its share in environmental pollution by transportation sector, Lahore Metropolitan area has been selected for this research paper. This research analyzed the environmental data collected from multiple road junctions of Lahore City. In light of the existing data, the research exhibited improvements in overall environmental quality by comparing the existing and proposed energy solutions comprising of Hydrogen in transportation sector. The comparison carried out by utilizing International and National Environmental quality standards. Additionally, research also addresses the energy savings with the transition from non-renewable energy sources to renewable and innovative energy solutions.
The use of both hydrogen as a fuel and fuel cells as ultimate power technology can make the vehicles much more environmental-friendly, while in an early phase (in the short-medium term) the atmospheric emissions could be significantly reduced by using hydrogen mixed with natural gas (HCNG) with different percentages in internal combustion engines. In this study the most polluting urban vehicles, garbage truck fleet and urban bus fleet, are concerned and a comparison analysis will be made between different hydrogen utilizations: in ICE vehicles with a blend of natural gas and hydrogen or in pure hydrogen vehicles. Results of lab tests showed a fair improvement of the efficiency and of the CO 2 emissions of the ICEs when running on HCNG as well as an overall improvement regarding local pollutants.