Reurbanisation and Transport Planning: A Case Study (original) (raw)
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Predicting Future Demand for Urban Area Transportation
Highway Research Board bulletin, 1962
A SUMMARY IS GIVEN OF THE RESULTS OF A STUDY OF CURRENT PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING THE PRESENT AND FUTURE DEMAND FOR URBAN AREA TRANSPORTATION, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS TRAFFIC ESTIMATION AND ASSIGNMENT. EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS AS A TOTAL PROCESS, REQUIRING THE INTEGRATION OF MANY OF THE INTERACTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. THE PRINCIPAL PHASES OF THE TOTAL PROCESS OUTLINED ARE: (1) INVENTORIES OF EXISTING CONDITIONS, SUCH AS LAND USE, POPULATION, VEHICLE OWNERSHIP, VEHICULAR AND PERSONAL TRAVEL, TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES, AND MONETARY RESOURCES, (2) ESTIMATES OF FUTURE URBAN AREA GROWTH IN TERMS OF POPULATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, VEHICLE OWNERSHIP, LAND USE, AND AVAILABLE TRANSPORTATION NETWORK, AND (3) DETERMINATION OF FUTURE TRAVEL DEMAND BASED ON TRIP GENERATION, MODAL SPLIT, INTERZONAL TRANSFERS, AND THE ASSIGNMENT OF TRAFFIC TO TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. THE FEEDBACK FROM LEVEL OF SERVICE SUPPLIED BY AVAILABLE FACILIT...
Transport Modelling During Preparation of General Plans in Big Cities: Reasons and Challenges
Proccedings of 10th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", 2017
Rapidly growing mobility of people in European cities attaches greater importance to the sustainable development concept. The dynamics of European cities are however different. Cites such as Lithuanian, Slovakian and Polish ones will rapidly increase traffic flows and car ownership at fast pace. Also in most of Western Europe, even if at lower rates, private mobility is increasing. In some cities, however, car use and car ownership are finally decreasing, also thanks to policies implemented. Of course, an increase of traffic flows poses problems in terms of street space, pollution and liveability of cities. Sustainable integration of all kinds of transport into the urban development process is one of the most effective actions in the hands of city planners. The coordination between the planning of residential and business development areas and the expansion of public transport and its hierarchical integration is however a difficult but necessary exercise. Transport modelling tools, in particular, need important advancements to integrate transport and land use in simulations. This article analyses the main challenges in the use of transport models to support the construction of city plans by means of two case studies of Milan and Vilnius. The analysis deals both with traditional aspects, such as the proper simulation of multimodal choices, the level of detail of zoning, the issues associated to the simulation of traffic management policies. Then, we will focus on two aspects still open: the integration of transport modelling and economic assessment or ranking of actions, and the inclusion of land use changes in the modelling.
2008
It is commonly accepted that there is a two-way relationship between land use and transport in urban areas. Land use affects transport, conditioning travel demand. Conversely, transport affects land use, conditioning spatial distribution of activities and land market. The problem of simulating mutual interactions between land use and transport has been tackled by socalled Land Use Transport Interaction (LUTI) models. Different modelling approaches are present in literature, which are generally grouped into three main categories: spatial micro-economic, spatial interaction and spatial accounting models. The paper presents a spatial accounting LUTI model, which relies on Multi-Regional-Input-Output (MRIO) framework. The model has two main interacting components: an activity model and a transport model, which allow to endogenously estimate activities generation and location, land prices, travel demand and transport accessibility. The proposed LUTI model has been specified and applied in an urban area, more particularly to the town of Reggio Calabria (Italy). The objective of the application is the estimation of long-term impacts on land use and passenger travel demand patterns when interventions on transport facilities and services are planned at a strategic scale. The results confirm that MRIO framework offers the potentialities to bring activity location, land use in line within travel demand modelling.
Politecnico di Milano, Laboratorio di Politica dei …, 2006
During the last decade, due to real or presumed infrastructural gaps demonstrated with indicators and general studies, the activity of transport planning in Italy has been intense. The 2 nd General Plan of Transports and Logistics (PGTL) has been published in year 2000, soon followed in year 2001 by a law, the so called "Objective Law" (Legge Obiettivo), that includes a large number of infrastructural projects to be realised with a quicker procedure and that constitutes de facto a parallel "shadow" plan. The "Objective law" defines a new assessment procedure with a mandatory environmental impact analysis.
Predicting impact of growth of a metropolitan area on the transportation system of one of its cities
Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 1985
This paper provides a simple methodology to analyze the effects of future growth and changes in a metropolitan area on the transportation network of a single city inside the area. In order to present the analysis process, the impact of projected regional employment and population growth on the transportation network of one suburban city in Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is investigated. One of the main features of this approach is the use of the major accesses to the city to divide the rest of metropolitan area into few major zones or origin and destination which allow easier manipulation of data.
Modelling Long-Term Impacts on Travel Demand
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AET EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CONFERENCE, HELD 10-12 SEPTEMBER, 2001, HOMERTON COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, UK - CD-ROM, 2001
"Tor Vergata" 1. INTRODUCTION That urban land use and transport are closely inter-linked is common wisdom among planners and the public. In facts, that the spatial separation of human activities creates the need for travel and goods transport is the underlying principle of transport analysis and forecasting. Following this principle, it is easily understandable that the suburbanisation of cities is connected with increasing spatial division of labour, and hence with ever increasing mobility. The analysis of the impacts of land-use on the transportation system is wellestablished as well as the modelling approaches (e.g. the traditional fourstages model); on the other hand, the reverse impact from transport to land use, is less well known. In order to evaluate long-term impacts on travel demand due to changes in transport supply, it is not possible to disregard the impacts on land-use and, indirectly, on travel demand. The problem of simulating such effects has been tackled by different modelling approaches, labelled in literature as "integrated land-use/transport models" (Wilson, 1997). In this paper the focus is on the impacts that transport supply has on the distribution of urban activity locations (e.g. residents, services, commerce, etc) and, consequentially, on travel demand (e.g. spatial distribution, modal split and so on). The analysis is carried on by means of models dealing with the complex interactions between transportation and urban activities. With respect to other models present in literature, what actually is pointed out in the proposed modelling approach, is the transport component. The latter is typically represented in terms of generalised transportation cost, while here it is explicitly represented by means of demand models and transportation networks. Individual choices of residential and activity location are simulated through Random Utility Theory. The interaction between different individuals (i.e. residents, firms, etc) is simulated through a static (or equilibrium) approach. The latter seems more suitable for practical applications since equilibrium models are easier to be calibrated and implemented, with respect to more complex dynamic modelling framework (Simmonds, 2000). In order to provide the context, a review of studies on the impact of transport on land-use is described in section 2. Section 3 and 4 deal with the adopted modelling framework and its applications to the urban area of Rome (Italy) in order to predict the land use and the travel demand long-term variations induced by changes in transport supply system. The results of such applications are discussed and compared with those carried out by means of traditional four-stages demand model calibrated on the same urban area. Conclusions and further research issue are dealt with in section 5.
2007a): 'Success and Failures in Urban Transport Planning
2012
Abstract. Technological determinism has become a kind of religion for many people since it appears to offer solutions for societal problems as never before in history. Transport is one of the fascinating technology branches developed during the last 200 years. Effortless movement over long distances has become possible for car users as long as cheap fossil energy is available. However, the effect of fast transport on urban structures and society was not taken into account when developing these technical means. Technologists and economists have used indicators for expected benefits of these fast transport modes without taking into account the real system effects on society and urban structures. Plausible assumptions and hopes instead of scientific understanding of the complex system are used in practice. In contradiction to widely held beliefs of transportation planners, there is actually no growth of mobility if counted in number of trips per person per day, no time saving by increa...
World Transport Policy and Practice, 2002
Urban transport and the issue of motorisation or 'automobile dependence' have become critical shaping factors in the future sustainability and livability of all cities. This paper provides an overview of a selected group of factors that help define some of the main features of urban transport in metropolitan regions around the world. The aim is to provide decision-makers and policy analysts some basic perspective on where cities in their region sit in a global context. The paper also points to some key policy issues that emerge from the data and which have considerable bearing on issues such as priorities in urban infrastructure development. The data are drawn from the Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport compiled over 3 years by the authors for the International Association of Public Transport (UITP) in Brussels. The database provides data on 100 cities on all continents. Data summarised here represent regional averages from 84 of these fully completed citie...