Effects of Various Densities of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Serum IL-9, IL-10, and TNF-α Levels (original) (raw)
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Bioelectromagnetics, 2012
The effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields (LF EMF) on human health are the subject of on-going research and serious public concern. These fields potentially elicit small effects that have been proposed to have consequences, either positive or negative, for biological systems. To reveal potentially weak but biologically relevant effects, we chose to extensively examine exposure of immune cells to two different signals, namely a complex multiple waveform field, and a 50 Hz sine wave. These immune cells are highly responsive and, in vivo, modulation of cytokine expression responses can result in systemic health effects. Using time course experiments, we determined kinetics of cytokine and other inflammation-related genes in a human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1, and primary monocytes and macrophages. Moreover, cytokine protein levels in THP-1 monocytes were determined. Exposure to either of the two signals did not result in a significant effect on gene and protein expression in the studied immune cells. Also, additional experiments using non-immune cells showed no effects of the signals on cytokine gene expression. We therefore conclude that these LF EMF exposure conditions are not expected to significantly modulate innate immune signaling.
Life without electricity in the 21 st century is unthinkable, since almost our entire existence has become dependent on electricity and wireless telecommunication. [1] Where electricity is generated, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are created. [2] Advanced electrical technology has created an electromagnetic environment in which people live and work, resulting in constant concern about the environment and human health. EMFs comprise a wide spectrum of frequency, which ranges from extremely high at the highest end of the ionising spectrum to extremely low at the lowest end of the non-ionising spectrum. The field of interest for this study fell within the extremely low frequency (ELF) spectrum between 50 and 60 Hz. These are the fields to which people are exposed on a daily basis, through household appliances, computers and telecommunication. [2-4] Low frequency (LF) fields (which extend from the higher end of the ELF band up to 300GHz) have been suggested to be harmful to human health. [5,6] Some research efforts have indicated that there is no conclusive evidence that exposure to low fieldstrength EMFs poses a health risk. [2,3,7,8] It is this uncertainty that has elicited the ongoing research in this area for the last three decades. [2] The evidence and claims of scientists in this regard have been found to be somewhat controversial. [2,3,7,8] It seems that short-term exposure to ELF-EMF does not have a detrimental effect on human biological systems, [9] while long-term exposure can cause chronic stress, resulting in tissue damage. [10,11,8]
Bioelectromagnetics, 2016
There is still uncertainty whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) can induce health effects like immunomodulation. Despite evidence obtained in vitro, an unambiguous association has not yet been established in vivo. Here, mice were exposed to ELF-EMF for 1, 4, and 24 h/day in a short-term (1 week) and long-term (15 weeks) set-up to investigate whole body effects on the level of stress regulation and immune response. ELF-EMF signal contained multiple frequencies (20-5000 Hz) and a magnetic flux density of 10 μT. After exposure, blood was analyzed for leukocyte numbers (short-term and long-term) and adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration (short-term only). Furthermore, in the short-term experiment, stress-related parameters, corticotropin-releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and CYP11A1 gene-expression, respectively, were determined in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. In the short-term but not long-term expe...
Electromagnetic Field Therapy and Immune Mechanisms Which Are Involved in Anti-Inflammatory Response
RAD Conference Proceedings, 2017
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism by which EMF therapy can interfere with the modified immune and oxidative reactions by the experimental approach on the lab animals. In vivo and vitro experiment was carried out on 60 Wistar rats that were divided in 4 groups as following: 1. Control-group tested on the 10 th day; 2. LF-EMF-exposed group tested on the 10 th day; 3. Group that received intradermic Staphylococcus aureus culture (SA) and was tested on the 10 th day; 4. Group that received intradermic SA and was treated with LF-EMF and was tested after 10 days. The rats were exposed to 50 Hz, 1 mT. Splenic lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages for the cellular cultures were harvested. The following parameters were assessed: a) 3HTdR incorporation test; b) Macrophage inhibition factor (MIF) assay; c) IL-1 assay; d) TNF-assay; e) Chemiluminescence assay; f) Phagocytosis assay. The 3HTdR incorporation test, tests targeting the cytokine's activity and the phagocytosis test point out a partial reversibility of the values in the EMF-exposed groups that was treated with staphylococcus cultures. Our experiment reveals that the EMF interferes with the immune and oxidative systems, becomes chronic and plays a key role in the development of serious diseases. The EMF-therapy can be beneficial in reducing the inflammation by interfering with the inflammatory molecules and surface receptors.
OXIDATIVE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Revue Roumaine des Sciences Techniques. - Série: Électrotechnique et énergétique , tome 53, no 2, pp.21 - 29, Bucharest, 2008
Although the physical techniques for measuring of the electromagnetic fields (EMF) are well developed, adequate characterization of the biological effects induced by EMF is subject of discussion yet. We don’t know the effects that would be after a long term of exposure. Many scientific studies have been devoted to assessing what health risks are associated with EMF exposure. Data from the recent experiments suggest that EMF are associated with the iron-mediated free radical generation, that can cause damage in the biologic molecules such as lipids, proteins and can profundly affect cellular homeostasis. The aim of this study was to show the effects of the chronic exposure to EMF on the immune and oxidative response. In vivo experiment was carried out on 80 Wistar rats that were divided in 4 groups as following: 1. Control-group, without exposure, sacrificed at 1 month; 2. Control-group, without exposure sacrificed at 3 months; 3 .EMF–exposed group, sacrificed at 1 month; 4. EMF – exposed group, sacrificed at 3 months. The rats were exposed to RF EMF that covers a range of the frequencies between 140-160 MHz generated by a Motorola device. The components of EMF field were measured with an EMF 200 Monitor Water&Golterman (the measured Power density (S) was 8+/- 1 W/m2). The following parameters were assessed: a) 3HTdR incorporation test; b) IL-1 assay; c) TNF-assay; d) Chemiluminescence’s assay; e) Lipid peroxides. The 3HTdR incorporation was decreased in the EMF- exposed groups, as compared with control groups, but with statistically significant difference (ssd) (p>0.01 ) only in third group. Increased values of the cytokines ( IL-1 and TNF ) were found in the 3 and 4 – groups, with ssd for both of the cytokines (p> 0.05 for IL-1 and p> 0.01 for TNF) Chemiluminescence’s assay and lipid peroxides were parameters with increased values for 3 and 4 groups, but ssd were found only in the forth -group. Our results point out an important increased of the oxidative response in the EMF- exposed groups, in special in the group sacrificed at 3 months. In the forth group, an important suppression of the immune response and increased activity of the cytokines was demonstrated. Our results indicate an association between electromagnetic fields and immune and oxidative response, suggesting increased modifications in the group with EMF -prolonged exposure.
Bioelectromagnetics, 1998
We evaluated the effects of a 50-Hz pulsed electromagnetic field on the production of cytokines by both resting and mitogen-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results demonstrate that after exposure of normal cells to EMFs for 12 h, the levels of neither interleukin-1b, nor interleukin-2 were increased. Indeed, the concentration of tumor necrosis factor a decreased significantly immediately after the exposure period. The results were, however, markedly different when cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin immediately before the exposure to EMFs. In this case the levels of cytokines, measured 24 and 48 h after the treatment, were 630 { 440 pg/ml and 910 { 530 pg/ml for interleukin-1b, 530 { 330 pg/ml, and 860 { 560 pg/ml for tumor necrosis factor a, respectively. These values were significantly higher (P õ 0.05) when compared with the controls. Interleukin-2 levels were significantly higher at the end of the EMF exposure only in supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells and, as a consequence of this increase, the proliferation indexes also were significantly increased 48 h after the EMFs' treatment. The comparison between biological activity and the cytokine antigen present in our samples indicated that the amount of antigen was paralleled by an equal recovery of biological activity. This suggests either the absence of qualitative differences in these proteins or the impairment of both the transcriptional and translational processes.
Acute Exposure to 50-Hz Magnetic Fields Increases Interleukin-6 in Young Healthy Men
Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2011
Some epidemiologic studies have suggested that extremely low frequency magnetic fields might affect human health, and, in particular, that the incidence of certain types of cancer might increase among individuals living or working in environments exposed to such fields. This study is part of a broad study we conducted in humans. The study presented here was designed to look for possible effects of acute exposure to 50-Hz magnetic fields (10 μT) on the interleukin 1 beta (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) production. Thirty-two young men (20-30 years old) were divided into two groups (sham-exposed or control group, and exposed group) of 16 subjects each. All subjects participated in two 24-hour experiments to evaluate the effects of both continuous and intermittent (one hour "off" and one hour "on" with the field switched "on" and "off" every 15 seconds) exposure to linearly polarized magnetic fields. The subjects were exposed to the magnetic field from 2300 to 0800 while recumbent. Blood samples were collected during each session at 11:00, 17:00, 22:00, 01:00, 04:00, 06:00 and 08:00. Results showed that exposure to 50-Hz magnetic fields (10 μT) significantly increases IL-6 when subjects were exposed to an intermittently magnetic field.
Cytokine Profile of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Exposed to 50 Hz EMF
INDUSTRIAL HEALTH, 1996
The effect of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on the immune system was assessed by measuring the cytokine production of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (h-PBMCs) of a healthy individual. The h-PBMCs were exposed in vitro to varying magnetic flux densities of 1, 3, 10, and 30 milliTesla for 3 days. Changes in cytokine production of IL-13, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-y, and TNF-a were studied using the ELISA method. Significant reduction in TNF-a production by the EMF-exposed h-PBMCs, in comparison with the non-exposed cells, was detected at all exposure levels (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Significant increase in IL-1f3 production and decrease in IFN-y production were also detected at some exposure strength. No significant differences were detected between the control and the EMF-exposed cells in the production of the other cytokines.
Combined Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Immune and Nervous Responses
International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 2007
In technologically developed countries, there is concern about hazards from electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Several studies have reported that immune and neuroendocrine systems exert an integrated response to EMF exposure. The aim of this review is to summarize the results of studies on the effect of low and high frequency EMF on immune and neuroendocrine systems on which our research group has been working for several years.