Combining a Detailed Building Energy Model with a Physically-Based Urban Canopy Model (original) (raw)
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Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2010
The generation of heat in buildings, and the way this heat is exchanged with the exterior, plays an important role in urban climate. To analyze the impact on urban climate of a change in the urban structure, it is necessary to build and use a model capable of accounting for all the urban heat fluxes. In this contribution, a new building energy model (BEM) is developed and implemented in an urban canopy parameterization (UCP) for mesoscale models. The new model accounts for: the diffusion of heat through walls, roofs, and floors; natural ventilation; the radiation exchanged between indoor surfaces; the generation of heat due to occupants and equipments; and the consumption of energy due to air conditioning systems. The behavior of BEM is compared to other models used in the thermal analysis of buildings (CBS-MASS, BLAST, and TARP) and with another box-building model. Eventually, a sensitivity analysis of different parameters, as well as a study of the impact of BEM on the UCP is carried out. The validations indicate that BEM provides good estimates of the physical behavior of buildings and it is a step towards a modeling tool that can be an important support to urban planners.
How building energy models take the local climate into account in an urban context – A review
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019
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12 While there have been significant advances in energy modeling of individual buildings and urban canopies, more 13 sophisticated and at the same time more efficient models are needed to understand the thermal interaction 14 between buildings and their surroundings. In particular to evaluate policy alternatives it is of interest how building 15 makeup, canyon geometry, weather conditions, and their combination modify heat transfer in the urban area. The 16 Temperature of Urban Facets Indoor-Outdoor Building Energy Simulator (TUF-IOBES) is a building-to-canopy model 17 that simulates indoor and outdoor building surface temperatures and heat fluxes in an urban area to estimate 18 cooling/heating loads and energy use in buildings. The indoor and outdoor energy balance processes are 19 dynamically coupled taking into account real weather conditions, indoor heat sources, building and urban material 20 properties, composition of the building envelope (e.g. windows, insulation), and HVAC equipment. TUF-IOBES is 21 also capable of simulating effects of the waste heat from air-conditioning systems on urban canopy air 22 temperature. TUF-IOBES transient heat conduction is validated against an analytical solution and multi-model 23 intercomparions for annual and daily cooling and heating loads are conducted. An application of TUF-IOBES to 24 study the impact of different pavements (concrete and asphalt) on building energy use is also presented. 25 26
2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON, 2020
Because of the urban heat island (UHI) effect, an urban agglomeration is typically warmer than its surrounding rural area. Today, UHI effects are a global concern and have been observed in cities regardless of their locations and size. These effects threaten the health and productivity of the urban population, moreover, they alter buildings energy performance. The negative impacts of UHI on human welfare have been confirmed broadly during the past decades by several studies. However, the effects of increased temperatures on the energy consumption of buildings still need a comprehensive investigation. Moreover, considering the UHI effects at the early stages of the design process is still not pervasive due to the lack of straightforward and convenient methodologies to include these effects in the estimation process of buildings' energy consumption. To fill the mentioned gaps, a novel methodology of coupling the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) classification system and the Urban Weather Generator (UWG) model is proposed in this study to evaluate the UHI impacts on the energy consumption of various building typologies positioned in different climate zones. The methodology is applied to the most populated area of city of Philadelphia, Center City, and modified Typical Meteorological Year (mTMY) data comprising the canopy heat islands effect in the scale of an urban block or a neighborhood are produced in the format of .epw. The initial results of this study show an average of 2.7 °C temperature difference between existing local climate zones of Center City and reference TMY3 weather data recorded at Philadelphia International Airport during three sequential summer days. The generated weather data then were incorporated into an Urban Building Energy Model (UBEM) to simulate the spatiotemporal differentiation of energy demand for cooling and heating end-uses at each building typology under two scenarios of weather data i.e. mTMY and TMY3 data.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020
The energy consumption of buildings is related to several factors, such as the construction and geometric characteristics, occupancy, climate and microclimate conditions, solar exposure, and urban morphology. However, the interaction between buildings and the surrounding urban context should also be taken into consideration in energy consumption models. The aim of this work has been to create a bottom-up model in order to evaluate the energy balance of residential buildings at an urban scale, starting from the hourly energy consumption data. This modeling approach considers the building characteristics together with urban variables to describe the energy balance of the built environment; it can therefore be used to manage heterogeneous types of data at different scales and it can offer accurate spatial-temporal information on the energy performance of buildings. Detailed heat balance methods can be used at a building scale to estimate heating loads, but this urban-scale simplified model can also be used as a decision tool to support urban design explorations and for policy purposes. This urban energy consumption model was verified for a case study of a district in Turin, Italy, with the support of a GIS tool, considering hourly energy consumption data of about 50 residential users for two or three consecutive heating seasons. The results show that a simplified model, based on low quality and quantity data, which are typical of an urban scale, can be a powerful tool for the evaluation and spatial representation of the energy needs of buildings at an urban scale. 1. Introduction The global CO2 emissions from energy and industry increased in 2017, following a three-year period of stabilization. The building sector accounted for about 28% of the total energy-related CO2 emissions, and buildings should therefore play a central role in the transition to clean energy [1]. The energy consumption of buildings in high-density urban contexts significantly influences urban sustainability, and built-up areas can represent a context where energy efficiency improvements can be introduced and greenhouse gases (GHG) can be mitigated [2,3]. Two necessary actions have been identified to achieve energy sustainability in an urban context: the improvement of energy efficiency and the exploitation of the available renewable energy sources [4]. The development of Urban-Scale Energy Modeling (USEM) at a district or city level is currently the goal of many research groups, as a result of the increased interest in evaluating the impact of energy efficiency and low-carbon measures on urban environments [5]. These models are useful to explore energy efficiency solutions at an urban or district scale and to quantitatively assess retrofitting strategies and energy supply options, which in turn can lead to more effective policies and an effective management of the energy demand [6]. Since the relationship between urban form and buildings affects the energy performances of such buildings, it is possible to obtain a lower energy demand through the use of USEMs by improving the morphology of the built environment [7]. The energy consumption of
Energy Performance of Buildings in Urban Areas
The urban setting influences the energy performance of buildings, as mutual shading of buildings increases the heating and lighting energy demand, but reduces cooling loads. The work tries to quantify the overall urban impact on primary energy demand for both residential and commercial urban districts. For a given urban form and building structure, different building use profiles are compared, for example occupation hours, required heating and cooling set points, lighting levels etc., which vary strongly between commercial and residential buildings. Mainly high rise buildings are considered with varying site coverage, building standards and user profiles. To combine heating, cooling and lighting energy evaluation of buildings in an urban context, different software tools such as EnergyPlus and Radiance are used. Especially for lighting simulations, the location of window surfaces and sky view factors are very important, less so for heating and cooling simulations. The simulation acc...
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2010
Recent studies show that the fluxes exchanged between buildings and the atmosphere play an important role in the urban climate. These fluxes are taken into account in mesoscale models considering new and more complex Urban Canopy Parameterizations (UCP). A standard methodology to test an UCP is to use one-dimensional (1D) off-line simulations. In this contribution, an UCP with and without a Building Energy Model (BEM) is run 1D off-line and the results are compared against the experimental data obtained in the BUBBLE measuring campaign over Basel (Switzerland) in 2002. The advantage of BEM is that it computes the evolution of the indoor building temperature as a function of energy production and consumption in the building, the radiation coming through the windows, and the fluxes of heat exchanged through the walls and roofs as well as the impact of the air conditioning system. This evaluation exercise is particularly significant since, for the period simulated, indoor temperatures were recorded. Different statistical parameters have been calculated over the entire simulated episode in order to compare the two versions of the UCP against measurements. In conclusion, with this work, we want to study the effect of BEM on the different turbulent fluxes and exploit the new possibilities that the UCP–BEM offers us, like the impact of the air conditioning systems and the evaluation of their energy consumption.
12 While there have been significant advances in energy modeling of individual buildings and urban canopies, more 13 sophisticated and at the same time more efficient models are needed to understand the thermal interaction 14 between buildings and their surroundings. In particular to evaluate policy alternatives it is of interest how building 15 makeup, canyon geometry, weather conditions, and their combination modify heat transfer in the urban area. The 16 Temperature of Urban Facets Indoor-Outdoor Building Energy Simulator (TUF-IOBES) is a building-to-canopy model 17 that simulates indoor and outdoor building surface temperatures and heat fluxes in an urban area to estimate 18 cooling/heating loads and energy use in buildings. The indoor and outdoor energy balance processes are 19 dynamically coupled taking into account real weather conditions, indoor heat sources, building and urban material 20 properties, composition of the building envelope (e.g. windows, insulation), and HVAC equipment. TUF-IOBES is 21 also capable of simulating effects of the waste heat from air-conditioning systems on urban canopy air 22 temperature. TUF-IOBES transient heat conduction is validated against an analytical solution and multi-model 23 intercomparions for annual and daily cooling and heating loads are conducted. An application of TUF-IOBES to 24 study the impact of different pavements (concrete and asphalt) on building energy use is also presented. 25 26
2018 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 2018
In urban contexts, the use of energy in buildings is one of the main causes of greenhouse gas emissions. The reduction of energy-use in buildings could be one of the main drivers to improve the sustainability, livability and quality of urban environment, together with the production of energy from the available renewable sources. To achieve energy sustainability in the most critical high-density urban contexts, it is necessary to optimize: the energy consumptions compatibility of different users; the distribution of heat, for example through the district heating network; the use of all urban spaces, such as building envelopes and urban surfaces, to produce energy from the available renewable sources. The energy models at urban scale are a complex issue as they should be simplified to be applied on a vast territory. Indeed, detailed information are not given at territorial scale and short time of simulation are preferable; however, information should be detailed enough to describe properly the energy consumption of the whole urban environment from building to urban scale. Therefore, energy models should take into account also the urban morphology, people's behavior, social and economic conditions, local and national regulation, and the use of outdoor public spaces. The challenge of this work is to present three different energy-use models, to compare their characteristics and to find the best features of an "optimum" model to analyze and represent energy resources, future scenarios, energy efficiency solutions and best energy policies. The aim is to drive a smarter use of energy, matching it with the available and more efficient energy sources to help also public administrations in defining policies adapted to the real buildings heritage. The urban energy models can also be applied in future climatic scenarios, to evaluate the impact of climate change in the energy demand/supply of buildings, as well as in the potential of retrofit scenarios.