Dietary Sources of Linoleic Acid (LA) Differ by Race/Ethnicity in Adults Participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2017–2018 (original) (raw)
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Circulation, 2014
Previous studies on intake of linoleic acid (LA), the predominant n-6 fatty acid, and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk have generated inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of dietary LA intake and CHD risk. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through June 2013 for prospective cohort studies that reported the association between dietary LA and CHD events. In addition, we used unpublished data from cohort studies in a previous pooling project. We pooled the multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) to compare the highest with the lowest categories of LA intake using fixed-effect meta-analysis. We identified 13 published and unpublished cohort studies with a total of 310 602 individuals and 12 479 total CHD events, including 5882 CHD deaths. When the highest category was compared with the lowest category, dietary LA was associated with a 15% lower risk of CHD events (p...
The Journal of nutrition, 2001
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are conjugated isomers of linoleic acid, which may promote health with regard to cancer, heart disease, diabetes, bone formation, growth modulation and immunity. The c9,t11 isomer of CLA, rumenic acid (RA), is the major isomer present in the diet. However, dietary intakes of CLA and RA by humans have not been examined rigorously, nor has the relationship between dietary CLA or RA and health (e.g., body composition). Three-day dietary records (DR) were collected from adult men (n = 46) and women (n = 47) and analyzed using a nutrient database modified to contain total CLA and RA. Simultaneously, 3-d food duplicates (FD) were collected to determine analytically individual fatty acid intakes, including those of total CLA and RA. Chronic total CLA and RA intakes were estimated using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Body composition was estimated using body mass index and percentage of body fat. Total CLA intake was estimated from FD ...
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2020
ABSTRACTBackgroundThe increased use of high-oleic oils to replace trans fat has led to concern about declining intake of PUFA and the potential for essential fatty acid insufficiency or even deficiency.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine circulating concentrations of essential and poorly biosynthesized fatty acids, as biomarkers of dietary intake, in the NHANES data sets prior to (2003–2004 cycle) and following (2011–2012 cycle) legislation to reduce trans fat in the food supply and also to explore the associations between these fatty acids and markers of cardiometabolic health.MethodsFasting circulating concentrations of fatty acids from adults (aged ≥20 y) in the 2003–2004 and 2011–2012 NHANES cycles were used for analysis. Dietary data from one day of both the 2003–2004 and 2011–2012 cycles were used to examine differences in dietary fatty acid intake between these cycles. Regression analyses were used to assess relations between circulating concentrations of fatty aci...
Hypertension, 2005
Dietary linolenic acid has been shown to be associated with coronary artery disease. However, limited data are available on its effects on blood pressure. We used data from 4594 white participants (aged 25 to 93 years) in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study to evaluate whether dietary linolenic acid was associated with prevalent hypertension and resting blood pressure. We used generalized estimating equations to determine the prevalence odds ratios (ORs) of hypertension and adjusted means of systolic and diastolic blood pressure across quartiles of linolenic acid. Mean dietary linolenic acid intake was 0.81±0.35 g per day for men and 0.69±0.29 g per day for women. From the lowest to the highest quartile of linolenic acid, multivariable adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval [CI]) for hypertension were 1.0 (reference), 0.73 (0.56 to 0.95), 0.71 (0.53 to 0.95), and 0.67 (0.47 to 0.96), respectively ( P for trend 0.04), controlling for age, sex, ener...
Healthy intakes of n−3 and n–6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006
Background: The worldwide diversity of dietary intakes of nҀ6 and nҀ3 fatty acids influences tissue compositions of nҀ3 longchain fatty acids (LCFAs: eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) and risks of cardiovascular and mental illnesses. Objective: We aimed to estimate healthy dietary allowances for nҀ3 LCFAs that would meet the nutrient requirements of 97-98% of the population. Design: Deficiency in nҀ3 LCFAs was defined as attributable risk from 13 morbidity and mortality outcomes, including all causes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, homicide, bipolar disorder, and major and postpartum depressions. Dietary availability of nҀ3 LCFAs from commodities for 38 countries and tissue composition data were correlated by best fit to each illness in deficiency risk models. Results: The potential attributable burden of disease ranged from 20.8% (all-cause mortality in men) to 99.9% (bipolar disorder). nҀ3 LCFA intake for Japan (0.37% of energy, or 750 mg/d) met criteria for uniformly protecting 98% of the populations worldwide. nҀ3 LCFA intakes needed to meet a tissue target representative of Japan (60% nҀ3 in LCFA) ranged from 278 mg/d (Philippines, with intakes of 0.8% of energy as linoleate, 0.08% of energy as ␣-linolenate, and 0.06% of energy as arachidonic acid) to 3667 mg/d (United States, with 8.91% of energy as linoleate, 1.06% of energy as ␣linolenate, and 0.08% of energy as arachidonic acid). Conclusions: With caveats inherent for ecologic, nutrient disappearance analyses, a healthy dietary allowance for nҀ3 LCFAs for current US diets was estimated at 3.5 g/d for a 2000-kcal diet. This allowance for nҀ3 LCFAs can likely be reduced to one-tenth of that amount by consuming fewer nҀ6 fats.
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2007
Background and aim: As an evaluation of fatty acid intake measurement, our aim was to examine associations between diet and plasma phospholipid (PL) fatty acids, and whether these were modified by age, sex, country of birth, fasting status, use of cholesterol-lowering medication, body size, chronic disease and other lifestyle factors. Methods and results: Cross-sectional analysis of plasma PL fatty acid composition and dietary fatty acid intake over 12 months from a 121-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 4439 men and women aged 40e69 years, born in Australia, Greece or Italy. Crude correlation coefficients ranged from 0.18 to 0.40; and corrected correlation coefficients from 0.38 to 0.78 for total monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-6, n-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, EPA and DHA. Weaker associations were observed for other fatty acids. The associations did not vary significantly by fasting status, use of lipid lowering medication or alcohol intake, but for some fatty acids did vary by sex, age, body mass index, country of birth, smoking and previous heart attack or diabetes.
2011
Two rate-limiting enzymes in PUFA biosynthesis, D5and D6-desaturases, are encoded by the FADS1 and FADS2 genes, respectively. Genetic variants in the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster are associated with changes in plasma concentrations of PUFA, HDLand LDL-cholesterol, and TG. However, little is known about whether dietary PUFA intake modulates these associations, especially in adolescents. We assessed whether dietary linoleic acid (LA) or a-linolenic acid (ALA) modulate the association between the FADS1 rs174546 polymorphism and concentrations of PUFA, other lipids, and lipoproteins in adolescents. Dietary intakes of LA and ALA, FADS1 rs174546 genotypes, PUFA levels in serum phospholipids, and serum concentrations of TG, cholesterol, and lipoproteins were determined in 573 European adolescents from the HELENA study. The sample was stratified according to the median dietary LA (#9.4 and.9.4 g/d) and ALA (#1.4 and.1.4 g/d) intakes. The associations between FADS1 rs174546 and concentrations of...
Preventive medicine
To investigate the associations between dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid: ALA, and marine-derived eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid: EPA+DHA) and insulin resistance (IR) in a lean population with high n-3 PUFA intake. We cross-sectionally studied 3383 Japanese local government workers aged 35-66 in 2002. IR was defined as the highest quartile of homeostasis model assessment, and nutrient intake was estimated from a diet history questionnaire. The odds ratios (ORs) of IR taking the lowest quartile of ALA or EPA+DHA intake as the reference were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Mean age, body mass index (BMI), and dietary ALA, and median of dietary EPA+DHA were 47.9 years, 22.9 kg/m(2), and 1.90 g/day (0.88%E) and 0.77 g/day (0.36%E), respectively. The ORs of IR decreased across the quartiles of ALA intake (multivariate-adjusted OR for Q4 versus Q1=0.74, P for trend=0.01) and the association was observed only in su...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Background: The effect of long-term increased intakes of ␣-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3nϪ3) on cardiovascular risk factors is unknown. Objectives: Our objectives were to assess the effect of increased ALA intakes on cardiovascular risk factors and the estimated risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) at 2 y and the effect of nutritional education on dietary habits. Design: Subjects with multiple cardiovascular risk factors (124 men and 158 women) were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to consume a margarine rich in either ALA [46% linoleic acid (LA; 18:2nϪ6) and 15% ALA; n = 114] or LA (58% LA and 0.3% ALA; n = 168). An intervention group (n = 110; 50% ALA) obtained group nutritional education, and a control group (n = 172; 34% ALA) received a posted leaflet containing the standard Dutch dietary guidelines. Results: Average ALA intakes were 6.3 and 1.0 g/d in the ALA and LA groups, respectively. After 2 y, the ALA group had a higher ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (+0.34; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.56), lower HDL cholesterol (Ϫ0.05 mmol/L; Ϫ0.10, 0), higher serum triacylglycerol (+0.24 mmol/L; 0.02, 0.46), and lower plasma fibrinogen (Ϫ0.18 g/L; Ϫ0.31, Ϫ0.04; after 1 y) than did the LA group (adjusted for baseline values, sex, and lipid-lowering drugs). No significant difference existed in 10-y estimated IHD risk. After 2 y, the intervention group had lower saturated fat intakes and higher fish intakes than did the control group. Conclusions: Increased ALA intakes decrease the estimated IHD risk to an extent similar to that found with increased LA intakes. Group nutritional education can effectively increase fish intake.
Journal of the American Heart Association, 2014
Intake of dietary fatty acids has been linked to cardiovascular disease risk. However, data available to evaluate trends in fatty acid intake in the US population are limited, particularly with regard to trans fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The present analysis examined trends in fatty acid intake from 1980-1982 through 2007-2009 and compared levels of intake to those recommended in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and by the American Heart Association. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from 12 526 participants enrolled in the Minnesota Heart Survey, a series of 6 independent cross-sectional surveys designed to monitor cardiovascular risk factors in noninstitutionalized adults residing in the Minneapolis-St Paul, MN metropolitan area. Mean intake estimates were generated for each survey, and a generalized linear mixed model was used to test the null hypothesis of no difference in the age-adjusted, sex-specific means a...