A Comprehensive Review of GaN-Based Bi-directional On-Board Charger Topologies and Modulation Methods (original) (raw)
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A Bidirectional GaN-Based CLLC Converter for Plug-In Electric Vehicles On-Board Chargers
IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2020
This paper presents a bidirectional CLLC converter solution for the dc-dc stage in plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) onboard battery chargers. The proposed architecture allows the converter to operate at resonance for the bidirectional constantpower (CP) load range with a variable bus voltage, while frequency modulation is employed for the constant-current (CC) load range in the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode with a fixed bus voltage, resulting in a limited bus voltage range. This enables the use of 650-V Gallium nitride (GaN) devices for the primary and secondary sides' switches. The design flow is presented and a 1-kW high-frequency prototype is implemented. GaN reverse conduction characteristics are investigated and employed for the high-frequency current rectification. The prototype operates with soft switching across the operational range, achieving an efficiency of up to 95.7%, with the resonant inductances integrated in the transformer.
A new GaN-based converter design for electric vehicle charging system
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), 2024
The research work proposes a gallium nitride (GaN) based isolated bidirectional DC-DC (IBDC)-triple active bridge (TAB) based multi-port converter (MPC) for electric vehicle (EV) charging. The proposed GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC incorporates one input port (Port 1) and two output ports (Port 2 and Port 3) for charging, implying the use of fewer components compared to a conventional dual active bridge (DAB) charging system. The output ports can be operated individually in single active bridge (SAB), Dual active bridge (DAB), and TAB modes. A 12 kW GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC converter is designed for simulation study using LTspice XVII software. In the TAB mode of operation, output Port 2 designated for Level-1 (L-1) charging produces 1.5 kW, and output Port 3 designated for Level-2 (L-2) charging produces 10.6 kW. The maximum efficiency of 98.87% is obtained in simulation for the MPC converter in TAB mode. For experimental validation, a 0.91 kW prototype is presented with Port 1, Port 2, and Port 3 voltages as 230 V, 120 V, and 200 V respectively with the considered switching frequency of 100 kHz. The single-phase-shift control strategy is implemented for controlling the transmitted power in the proposed GaN IBDC-TAB converter.
On-Board Chargers for High-Voltage Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Future Trends and Challenges
IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics
The powertrain voltages in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have witnessed an upward trend due to advantages such as reduced runtime losses and extremely high DC fast charging power levels; aiding in reduced range anxiety and lower battery charging duration. This trend requires original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to reassess the design of electronic sub-assemblies (ESAs). Due to newly released DC fast charging standards, there are implications on the on-board charger (OBC), which is one of the ESAs in a BEV. This paper performs a comprehensive review of identifying system-level and use-case related challenges in transitioning on-board chargers to higher voltages compared to state-of-the-art, while considering the impact of newly introduced DC fast charging standards like Megawatt Charging Systems (MCS) and ChaoJi/ CHAdeMO 3.0. The existing research in academia and proof-of-concept designs compatible for high-voltage on-board charging subsystems , such as the power factor correction (PFC) and isolated DC-DC conversion stages is consolidated. Due to the demand for integration driven by cost-optimization targets, single-stage, traction-integrated, and auxiliary power unit (APU) integrated on-board chargers are discussed. Finally, the disparity between state-of-the-art technology and future requirements is defined to establish challenges and the direction of future research areas.
An applicability study of LV battery on-board chargers for high power EVs
2014 Ieee International Electric Vehicle Conference, 2014
This paper analyzes an 11kW three phase on-board charger in case of prospective high power electric vehicles powered by low voltage traction battery (LV, e.g. 24V or 48V). The charger design is compared to the one in present-day electric passenger vehicles that use high voltage batteries (e.g. Tesla Model S). The analyses show that the main difference appears in the design and operation of the output stage of the isolated DC/DC converter, whereas performance of the PFC stage in both cases is comparable. First, the assessment of differences in the topology choice and in related design considerations is given. Consequently, the selection of semiconductor components for an exemplary topology is presented, followed by the efficiency-tocost ratio analysis. Although no significant cost change is to be expected in case of LV battery chargers for high power vehicles, the LV system introduces distinguishing advantage by eliminating the need for an isolated HV to LV DC/DC converter, followed by the possibility for the space, loss and cost reduction.
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2023
Tis article proposes an improved topology for an isolated bidirectional resonant DC-DC converter for electric vehicle (EV) onboard chargers. As opposed to the conventional capacitor-inductor-inductor-inductor-capacitor (CLLLC) resonant converter, the proposed converter's resonant circuit is composed of a capacitor-inductor-inductor-inductor (CLLL) structure, whose inductances, except the capacitor, can be fully integrated with the leakage and mutual inductances of the high-frequency transformer (HF). Terefore, this ofers a smaller size, lower costs, minimal power loss, and eventually higher efciency. Again, the proposed converter design is based on wide bandgap (WBG) transistor switches that operate at MHz-level switching frequency to achieve high power density, high efciency, and high compactness. A discrete-time proportional integral derivative (PID) controller has been designed using the phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PSPWM) technique to assure closed-loop control of the proposed CLLL converter. Te PID controller parameters have been optimized using both the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and a comparative analysis has been presented between the two algorithms. To achieve fast switching with very little switching loss, the converter is simulated with several wide bandgap (WBG) switching devices. A performance comparison with conventional Si-based switching devices is also provided. A precise power loss model of the semiconductor switches has been devised from the manufacturer's datasheet to achieve a perfect thermal design for the converter. A 5 kW CLLL converter with an input range of 400-460 V direct current (DC) and an output range of 530-610 V DC, and a switching frequency of 1 MHz has been designed and investigated under various loading scenarios. Gallium nitride (GaN) switching device-based designs achieved the highest levels of efciency among the switching devices. Te efciency of this device is 97.40 percent in charging mode and 96.67 percent in discharging mode.
High Efficiency High Power Density Onboard Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles
Currently, modern battery charger systems are expected as a response to the proliferation of electric vehicles (EV) in several countries around the world. This work proposes a 6 kW two-stages onboard battery charger for EV applications. The proposed system is composed of a three-phase multi-state switching cell PFC rectifier and a novel dc-dc converter, based on a dual neutral point clamped (DNPC) switching network. Considering the individual characteristics of both converters, a high efficiency and high power density system is expected.
Energies
This article reviews the different topologies compatible with V2G feature and control approaches of integrated onboard charger (iOBC) systems for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The integrated topologies are presented, analyzed, and compared in terms of component count, switching frequency, total harmonic distortion (THD), charging and traction efficiencies, controllability, reliability and multifunctionality. This paper also analyzes different control approaches for charging and traction modes. Moreover, the performance indices such as setting time, rise time, overshoot, etc., are summarized for charging and traction operations. Additionally, the feasibility of a Level 3 charging (AC fast charging with 400 Vac) of up to 44 kW iOBC is discussed in terms of converter efficiencies with different switching frequencies and switch technologies such as SiC and GaN. Finally, this paper explores the power density trends of different commercial integrated charging systems. The power densit...
A Bi-Directional Ev Charger for Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Applications
2018
This paper proposes a new electrolytic capacitor-less bi-directional EV charger for grid connected electric vehicle applications. When electric vehicles are connected to the power grid for charging, they become grid able EVs (GEVs). This paper investigates and discusses the challenges of GEVs for vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home (V2H) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) operations. A bi-directional DC-DC converter is connected in series with the grid, which minimizes the switching losses and improves the efficiency of the system. Simulation analysis and hardware implementation is performed, executing the three modes of operation of the proposed bidirectional EV charger.
Applied Sciences
Rising greenhouse gas emissions stemming from fossil fuel-driven vehicles are causing damage to the environment. To counteract this, one solution is the adoption of electric vehicles (EV) for transportation requirements. In this regard, one category of EVs that requires special attention is light electric vehicle (LEV), mainly because of their wide potential in public transportation—especially in developing countries. To realise widespread adoption of LEVs for this purpose, it is imperative to make their charging systems more robust. Consequently, the subject of LEV charging has gained considerable traction, and numerous research works have been reported on this subject in recent years. Hence, this paper aims to chronicle recent research developments on LEV charging techniques, by placing special attention on DC-DC converter topologies used in both on-board and off-board chargers. This review explores recent LEV charger DC-DC converters in literature by segregating them into isolate...