Effects of Acute Hypoxia on Psycho-Physiological Response and Muscle Oxygenation during Incremental Running Exercise (original) (raw)
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Is hypoxia a training stimulus for endurance athletes’ performance? A brief review
Italian Journal of Sport Sciences and Law, 2011
Background. There is increasing popularity among elite athletes to endorse altitude training to enhance performance levels. Altitude training may be used for enhanced performance at sea level, or to acclimatise to a competition at altitude. Enhancement of muscle oxidative capacity, muscle glycolytic capacity, skeletal muscle oxygenation, oxygen transport and storage within the muscle, and hormonal regulation have been reported with altitude training. Aim. The aim of this review is to analyse current knowledge on hypoxic training and its possible relation to enhanced endurance performance. This paper will consider factors including the process of enhanced sea level performance in relation to natural hypoxic exposures to altitude conditions. Methods. A literature search was performed from the years 1968 to 2011 on the electronic databases PUBMED. Key search words included endurance, altitude and performance. Results/Conclusion. This brief review has highlighted the lack of homogeneity in the scientific approach to the evaluation of hypoxic exposure effectiveness in endurance performance. However, relevant performance benefits have been shown in several studies and represent a realistic support in order not to exclude the possibility to implement altitude training in the annual training plan of endurance athletes.
Psychophysiological Responses to Repeated-Sprint Training in Normobaric Hypoxia and Normoxia
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2017
Purpose:To compare psychophysiological responses to 6 repeated-sprint sessions in normobaric hypoxia (RSH) and normoxia (RSN) in team-sport athletes during a 2-wk “live high–train low” training camp.Methods:While residing under normobaric hypoxia (≥14 h/d, FiO2 14.5–14.2%), 23 lowland elite field hockey players performed, in addition to their usual training, 6 sessions (4 × 5 × 5-s maximal sprints, 25-s passive recovery, 5 min rest) under either RSH (FiO2 ~14.5%) or RSN (FiO2 21%). Sprint 1 and 5 times, physiological strain (heart rate [HR], arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation [SpO2]), and perceptual responses (overall peripheral discomfort, difficulty breathing, and lower-limb discomfort) were monitored.Results:During the 1st session, HR increased across sets (P < .001) independently of the conditions, while SpO2 was globally lower (P < .001) for RSH (averaged value: 91.9% ± 1.2%) vs RSN (96.9% ± 0.6%). Thereafter, SpO2 and HR remained similar across sessions for each condition...
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2017
This study aimed to investigate if "Live High-Train Low (and High)" hypoxic training alters constant-velocity running mechanics. While residing under normobaric hypoxia (≥14 h·d-1; FiO2 14.5-14.2%) for 14 days, twenty field hockey players performed, in addition to their usual training in normoxia, six sessions (4 × 5 × 5-s maximal sprints; 25 s passive recovery; 5 min rest) under either normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 ~14.5%, n = 9) or normoxia (FiO2 20.9%, n = 11). Before and immediately after the intervention, their running pattern was assessed at 10 and 15 km·h-1 as well as during six 30-s runs at ~20 km·h-1 with 30-s passive recovery on an instrumented motorised treadmill. No clear changes in running kinematics and spring-mass parameters occurred globally either at 10, 15 or ~20 km·h-1, with also no significant time × condition interaction for any parameters (p > 0.14). Independently of the condition, heart rate (all p < 0.05) and ratings of perceived exertion decreased...
Background. There is increasing popularity among elite athletes to endorse altitude training to enhance performance levels. Altitude training may be used for enhanced performance at sea level, or to acclimatise to a competition at altitude. Enhancement of muscle oxidative capacity, muscle glycolytic capacity, skeletal muscle oxygenation, oxygen transport and storage within the muscle, and hormonal regulation have been reported with altitude training. Aim. The aim of this review is to analyse current knowledge on hypoxic training and its possible relation to enhanced endurance performance. This paper will consider factors including the process of enhanced sea level performance in relation to natural hypoxic exposures to altitude conditions. Methods. A literature search was performed from the years 1968 to 2011 on the electronic databases PUBMED. Key search words included endurance, altitude and performance. Results/Conclusion. This brief review has highlighted the lack of homogeneity in the scientific approach to the evaluation of hypoxic exposure effectiveness in endurance performance. However, relevant performance benefits have been shown in several studies and represent a realistic support in order not to exclude the possibility to implement altitude training in the annual training plan of endurance athletes.
The response of trained athletes to six weeks of endurance training in hypoxia or normoxia
International journal of sports medicine, 2003
This study was performed to investigate the effect of training under simulated hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia training was integrated into the normal training schedule of 12 endurance trained cyclists. Athletes were randomly assigned to two groups and performed three additional training bouts per week for six weeks on a bicycle ergometer. One group (HG) trained at the anaerobic threshold under hypoxic conditions (corresponding to an altitude of 3200 m) while the control group (NG) trained at the same relative intensity at 560 m. Preceding and following the six training weeks, performance tests were performed under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Normoxic and hypoxic .VO2max, maximal power output as well as hypoxic work-capacity were not improved after the training period. Testing under hypoxic conditions revealed a significant increase in oxygen saturation (SpO 2, from 67.1 +/- 2.3 % to 70.0 +/- 1.7 %) and in maximal blood lactate concentration (from 7.0 to 9.1 mM) in HG only. Ferriti...
Influence of Acute Moderate Hypoxia on Time to Exhaustion at vV˙O 2 max in Unacclimatized Runners
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003
Eight unacclimatized long-distance runners performed, on a level treadmill, an incremental test to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2 max) and the minimal velocity eliciting V O 2 max (vV O 2 max) in normoxia (N) and acute moderate hypoxia (H) corresponding to an altitude of 2400 m (PIO 2 of 109 mmHg). Afterwards, on separate days, they performed two all-out constant velocity runs at vV O 2 max in a random order (one in N and the other in H). The decrease in V O 2 max between N and H showed a great degree of variability amongst subjects as V O 2 max decreased by 8.9 4 ml min -1 kg -1 in H vs. N conditions (-15.3 6.3 % with a range from -7.9 % to -23.8 %). This decrease in V O 2 max was proportional to the value of V O 2 max (V O 2 max vs. delta V O 2 max N-H, r = 0.75, p = 0.03). The time run at vV O 2max was not affected by hypoxia (483 122 vs. 506 148 s, in N and H, respectively, p = 0.37). However, the greater the decrease in vV O 2 max during hypoxia, the greater the runners increased their time to exhaustion at vV O 2 max (vV O 2 max N-H vs. tlim @vV O 2 max N-H, r = -0.75, p = 0.03). In conclusion, this study showed that there was a positive association between the extent of decrease in vV O 2 max , and the increase in run time at vV O 2 max in hypoxia.
Effect of intermittent hypoxia on oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise in endurance athletes
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004
The purpose of the present study was to clarify the following: (1) whether steady state oxygen uptake (V _O 2 ) during exercise decreases after short-term intermittent hypoxia during a resting state in trained athletes and (2) whether the change in V _O 2 during submaximal exercise is correlated to the change in endurance performance after intermittent hypoxia. Fifteen trained male endurance runners volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject was assigned to either a hypoxic group (n=8) or a control group (n=7). The hypoxic group spent 3 h per day for 14 consecutive days in normobaric hypoxia [12.3 (0.2)% inspired oxygen]. The maximal and submaximal exercise tests, a 3,000-m time trial, and resting hematology assessments at sea level were conducted before and after intermittent normobaric hypoxia. The athletes in both groups continued their normal training in normoxia throughout the experiment. V _O 2 during submaximal exercise in the hypoxic group decreased significantly (P<0.05) following intermittent hypoxia. In the hypoxic group, the 3,000-m running time tended to improve (P=0.06) after intermittent hypoxia, but not in the control group. Neither peak V _O 2 nor resting hematological parameters were changed in either group. There were significant (P<0.05) relationships between the change in the 3,000-m running time and the change in V _O 2 during submaximal exercise after intermittent hypoxia. The results from the present study suggest that the enhanced running economy resulting from intermittent hypoxia could, in part, contribute to improved endurance performance in trained athletes.
Hypoxic training appears to possess the capacity to develop many components that contribute to repeated sprint ability. Objectives: Our aim was to determine the effects of different inspired oxygen fractions on repeated sprint performance and cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses, to construct a hypoxic dose response. Design: Nine male well-trained multi-sport athletes completed 10 x 6s all-out running sprints with 30 s recovery in 5 conditions with different inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2: 12, 13, 14, 15, 21%). Method: Peak running speed was measured in each sprint and electromyography data were recorded from m vastus lateralis in parallel with heart rate and blood oxygen saturation. Cardiorespiratory response was assessed via breath by breath expired air analysis and muscle oxygenation status was evaluated via near infrared spectroscopy. Results: In parallel with the higher heart rate, minute ventilation, blood lactate concentration, and muscle deoxygenation, lower blood oxygen saturation, pulmonary oxygen uptake and integrated EMG (all p<0.05) were registered in all hypoxic conditions but fatigue index and speed decrement were significantly greater only during the 12% vs 21% trial (p<0.05). Conclusions: Physiological responses associated with performing 10 x 6 s sprints interspersed with 30 s passive recovery was incrementally greater as FIO2 decreased to 13%, yet fatigue development was significantly exacerbated relative to normoxia (FIO2: 21%) only at the 12% FIO2. We suggest therefore that repeated sprint training at 13% FIO2 should allow athletes to capitalise on the increased physiological load and drive to the muscle to adapt, without compromising training speed and quality.
Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Physical Performance of Team Sports Players
Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
Introduction: The traditional hypoxic training program used by endurance athletes was included in the training of team and/or racquet sports players. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of a new lower dose of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) as compared with previous studies on short and long-term physical performance of team sports players. Methods: Tests were performed before and after four weeks of supervised specific training and after two weeks of detraining. Twenty-four team-sport players voluntarily participated in the study (age: 22.73±2.87 years; weight: 70.20±3.42 kg; height: 176.95±1.63 cm; BMI: 22.42±2.26 kg/m2); the participants were randomly assigned to the RSH training group (n=8; FiO2= 14.6%), to the normoxia group (RSN) (n=8; FiO2= 20.9%) or to a third control group (CON) (n=8). The participants performed eight training sessions of two sets of five 10-second repeated sprints, with a recovery period of 20 seconds between sprints and a r...