Pattern analysis of substandard and inadequate distribution of educational resources in urban–rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan (original) (raw)

Quality education in isolated areas is a major issue in developing countries like Pakistan, as access to formal education is linked to improved life prospects for rural students. Among the factors for education, accessibility is school availability within a minimum spatial distance. The spatial distribution of schools is generally uneven in most of the cities of Northern Pakistan, thus limiting access to formal education at the primary and secondary level. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of the primary and secondary schools found in the hilly terrain of Abbottabad city. Results show an uneven scattered pattern of schools and decreasing accessibility with longer travel times, at higher costs. Cost-weighted distance showed that this spatial distribution extends the travel distance by more than 5km for secondary school students living in the city. However, spatial restructuring and reorganization of schools in the study area would enhance student access to school facilities.

Providing quality education in isolated areas is one of the major issues in recent times, mainly in the underdeveloped countries, especially in South Asia. As the population is increasing rapidly in Pakistan, the resources cannot meet the requirements of quality education. One such example is the Abbottabad District of Pakistan with 1900 schools in 51 union councils; the government educational authorities have not established any system for their proper management and monitoring. The main reason behind the lack of resource management is the absence of effective visualization systems as well as the distance of schools from the main city. Mapping schools geographically to visualize them for analysis and managing resources is an efficient and effective way to make better decisions. The purpose of this study is to geographically identify the inequality in distribution of school’s facilities and resources that can help educational authorities to diagnose problems when making decision and...

The paper examines the availability of different categories of educational facilities in urban areas Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It also examine the pros and cons of different categories of existing schools in city of Jalandhar. This paper also identifies the numerical availability of category wise schools that comes within the urban areas of Jalandhar. In addition to this, the paper also analyze the spatial assessment of educational infrastructure (schools) in the Jalandhar city till year 2020 with the utilization of remote sensing and GIS. In order to prepare the base map of Jalandhar city, Georeferencing and digitization of administration boundaries of Jalandhar, Punjab, India has been done. Georeferencing and digitization of Ward boundaries of the city also has been done. The paper also identified the location of these educational facilities/existing schools using the Hand Held GPS of Schools. The paper also reveals the status of availability of different kinds of schools in Jalandhar in the State of Punjab at the city level. In addition to this, the study also shows the different categories of Schools in the year 2020 in Jalandhar under Municipal Corporation area. This paper also assess the present status of availability of the different categories of schools in Jalandhar city.

The primary school system in Pakistan needs improvement in order to provide the basic right of education to all. Government schools are not enough to cater the needs of increasing population of the country. The main goal of this study was to present a methodology for the development of government schools based on geographical information system (GIS) through a case study of Orangi Town in Karachi. In this study, first the adequacy of government schools in the study area was evaluated and then the need for additional schools with their suitable locations were identified. Data regarding school locations and students enrollments were collected from Sindh Basic Education Program of a non-profit NGO iMMAP. School building footprints were digitized from 2001 and 2013 Google Earth archived images. Population in 2013 was estimated by projecting 1998 census data downloaded from the website of the Census Bureau of Pakistan. An educated assumption of 20 % of the total population of Orangi Tow...

The primary school system in Pakistan needs improvement in order to provide the basic right of education to all. Government schools are not enough to cater the needs of increasing population of the country. The main goal of this study was to present a methodology for the development of government schools based on geographical information system (GIS) through a case study of Orangi Town in Karachi. In this study, first the adequacy of government schools in the study area was evaluated and then the need for additional schools with their suitable locations were identified. Data regarding school locations and students enrollments were collected from Sindh Basic Education Program of a non-profit NGO iMMAP. School building footprints were digitized from 2001 and 2013 Google Earth archived images. Population in 2013 was estimated by projecting 1998 census data downloaded from the website of the Census Bureau of Pakistan. An educated assumption of 20 % of the total population of Orangi Town was used to calculate number of primary school-aged children. Study results showed that schools existed in 2013 were not sufficient to serve all these children. This study also revealed that new schools were built during this time period, but the population growth rate was much higher than the growth rate of schools that created a big supply-demand gap. The most progressive Union Council (UC) of Orangi Town was Haryana Colony where 17 new schools were constructed between 2001 and 2013 though the required number of schools still fall short. New sites for schools analysis.

The number of schools, facilities and teachers available for basic education remain inadequate for the eligible number of children and youths. This is more so in urban areas where there is population pressure. Another challenge is a digital school map of which shows the location, distribution of schools and other relevant information. At present, such maps are not available in some Nigerian States. The research determined the spatial distribution of public primary schools; compared the available primary education facilities with the set UNESCO (1996), UBE (2004) and Reviewed Kano Metropolitan Plan (1980); and assessed the qualification of teachers in public primary schools in Tarauni Local Government Area. Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver was used to obtain the coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the public primary schools local government area. Also, the digital map of Kano State served as a base map on which the positions of the schools were plotted. Data pertaining to the population figures, pupil’s enrolment, number of classrooms and teaching personnel in each of the schools were sourced from the records of the various schools. The data analysis was carried out with ArcGis 10.1 (version) software. The tool of analysis (Nearest Neighbour) was used to analyze the pattern of distribution and the result shows the value of Rn = 3.251339 which is dispersed. 2km Buffer (service radius) was generated and the result shows that the entire Tarauni Local Government Area of Kano is fully served. The ratio of classroom-pupils is 1:112 and teacher-pupils is 1:44 in the area in which is far below the UNESCO (1996) recommended figure of 1:25 teacher/classroom per pupils. In related development, majority of the teacher’s acquired NCE certificate (69%), while the least is MSC certificate (0.2%). About 52% of the teachers are females, while 48% are male teachers. The study concluded that, the end of Geographic Information System (GIS) will be part of an Education Decision Support System that provides the map of the study area with focus on the school locations and all related information to assist government in either expanding current schools suggesting sites for new schools in the study area and also for students and resources location/allocation. It is recommended that, government should provide additional classrooms and teachers with teaching qualifications. In addition, courses and other appropriate facilities should be so designed as to enable teachers to improve their qualifications. Also, population figure is also recommended within the state metropolitan area in the provision of public primary schools. Additional classrooms should be constructed within the premises of each school. This will save the government from paying high compensation to the affected land owners in case of school expansion is required. Vertical approach (multi storey) buildings should be employed.

The paper examines the distribution of educational infrastructure in Jalandhar city, Punjab, India. It also examine the different levels of existing educational institutions in city of Jalandhar. This paper also identify the numerical availability of different levels of schools, colleges and universities as well that comes within the city. In addition to this, the paper also analyze the spatial assessment of educational institutions in the Jalandhar city till year 2020. The paper also reveals the different categories of schools in Jalandhar city in the State of Punjab at the city level. In addition to this, the study also shows the different Levels of Schools in the year 2020 in Jalandhar under Municipal Corporation area. This paper also assess the present status of availability of the educational institutions in Jalandhar city.

The distribution of educational facilities in most part of Nigeria has been observed to be politically biased to the extent that a facility is over utilized while others are underutilized in an area. Location of schools should be based on factors such as population, proximity and economy efficiency for sustainable development. The study engages geospatial techniques to show spatial distribution of primary schools. The data used for this project were acquired from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were acquired through handheld Germin 60 Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to capture the coordinates of primary schools. The secondary data used for this study include a high resolution image, administrative map and school data. Data analysis was carried out using Nearest Neighbor Analysis as the statistical tool in achieving the pattern of distribution of primary schools given as the observed mean distance (Do) between each feature over the expected mean distance (De) for the given features in a random pattern. School location, number Original Research Article Mustapha et al.; JSRR, 9(6): 1-10, 2016; Article no.JSRR.22128 2 of primary schools and the area in square-kilometer for each ward were the parameters used to determine the pattern of distribution of primary schools in the study area. However, the result of spatial pattern of distribution carried out in Ilorin West Local Government shows uneven pattern of distribution of schools in the following percentage. Well served 41.66%, marginally served 25%, under served 16.67% and not served 16.67% such that five (5) wards exhibit random pattern, three (3) Clustered pattern and two (2) Dispersed pattern of distribution.