Novel Li4Ti5O12/Sn nano-composites as anode material for lithium ion batteries (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Technology
Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO) is a very promising anode material to replace graphite in liion batteries due to its safety and fast-charging ability. However, due to the low theoretical capacity of LTO, a strategy must be developed to overcome this problem. Synthesizing LTO by the combined sol-gel and solid-state method, and the addition of tin powder together with activated carbon, is expected to increase the specific capacity of the anode material. The tin powder compositions in this research were 5wt%, 7.5wt% and 12.5wt%. Further, to investigate the influence of activated carbon, 5wt%, 15wt%, and 25wt% activated carbon were added, while the composition of Sn was kept at 7.5wt%. XRD, SEM and BET surface area measurements was performed to characterize the morphology and structure of the samples. The performance of the battery was analyzed using EIS, CV and CD. The results show that TiO2 rutile was present in the LTO samples, with peak rutile decreasing significantly with the addition of carbon. More disperse particle morphology was obtained by the addition of activated carbon. The LTO/Sn anode material exhibits excellent reversible capacities of 191.1 mAh/g at 12.5wt% tin. Additionally, the LTO/Sn@C has the highest specific-capacity at 270.2 mAh/g, with a composition of 5wt% carbon and 7.5wt% Sn. The results show that LTO/Sn@C is a potential anode material for the future.
Synthesis of composite Li4Ti5O12 nanorods/Sn-AC as anode material for lithium-ion battery
E3S Web of Conferences, 2018
LTO or Li4Ti5O12 (lithium titanate) is a compound that is used as an anode component in a lithium-ion battery. LTO anode is used because it has zero-strain properties and doesn't produce SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) which cause low battery performance. However, LTO also has a problem, which is its low capacity. To overcome this problem, the LTO needs to be combined with other materials that have high capacity, which, in this case, are active carbon (AC) and Sn. Making the LTO to be nano-sized can also improve the performance of the battery, thus we tried to synthesize LTO in nanorods form. LTO nanorods are synthesized by hydrothermal in NaOH 4 M solution. The LTO nanorods are mixed with various Sn (5wt%, 10wt%, and 15wt%) and 5wt% activated carbon. LTO nanorods/Sn-AC composite was characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, and BET and the battery performance was analyzed by EIS, CV, and CD. The results showed that the highest capacity was obtained at LTO nanorods-AC/15wt% Sn with 1...
Nanostructured Sn/TiO2/C composite as a high-performance anode for Li-ion batteries
Electrochemistry Communications, 2009
A nanostructured Sn/TiO 2 /C composite was prepared from SnO, Ti, and carbon powders using a mechanochemical reduction method and evaluated as an anode material in rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The Sn/TiO 2 /C nanocomposite was composed of uniformly dispersed nanocrystalline Sn and rutile TiO 2 in amorphous carbon matrix. In addition, electrochemical Li insertion/extraction in rutile TiO 2 was examined by ex situ XRD and extended X-ray absorption fine structure. The Sn/TiO 2 /C nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, which highlights its potential as a new alternative anode material in Li-ion batteries.
Electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 anode materials synthesized using a spray-drying method
Ceramics International, 2020
Low capacity and rate performance are important factors restricting the development of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO). The addition of an appropriate amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an effective method to increase the capacity and rate performance of LTO anode material. In this study, LTO anode material was synthesised by the sol-gel method using PEG as a template agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the addition of PEG can improve the crystallinity of the material and retain the spinel lattice type of LTO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the addition of an appropriate amount of PEG can promote the formation of a more uniform and much finer morphology. The results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) show that the material with PEG had good crystallinity. The charge and discharge data verify that the electrochemical performance of the material could be improved by adding PEG. P2-LTO exhibits a smaller particle size, largest capacity, best cycling performance and best rate performance. The capacity of P2-LTO at 0.2C can reach 224.3 mAgh − 1 , which is much higher than the theoretical specific capacity of LTO (175 mAgh − 1). The discharge capacity of P2-LTO in the first cycle at 10C is 178.9 mAgh − 1. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the electrode polarisation and electrochemical impedance of P2-LTO were lower than that of pure LTO. Better capacity and rate performance can be obtained by adding PEG as a template agent to a LTO system. It is a simple and effective method to produce high-performance LTO anode materials.
Structural and electrical properties of Li4Ti5O12 anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Results in Physics, 2018
In this work we investigate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) anode material synthesized by conventional solid state reaction method calcined at 850°C for 16 h. Thermal analysis reveals the temperature dependence of the material properties. The phase composition, micro-morphology and elemental analysis of the compound are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectra (EDS) respectively. The results of XRD pattern possessed cubic spinel structure with space group Fd-3m. The morphological features of the powder sample are in the range of 1.1 lm. The EDS spectra confirm the constituent elemental composition of the sample. Electrical conductivity measurement at different frequencies and temperatures had been carried out; and at room temperature it is found to be 5.96 Â 10 À7 S/cm. Besides, for the different frequencies applied, the activation energies were calculated and obtained to be in the range of 0.2-0.4 eV.
High performance Li4Ti5O12 material as anode for lithium-ion batteries
Electrochimica Acta, 2013
Single phase Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 powder with porous particle structure is synthesized via a simple, mild and productive citric-acid combustion method. The Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 particle is composed of submicro-scaled grains with size of 100-200 nm. The synthesized Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 shows high reversible capacity (ca. 165 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C), excellent rate-capability (ca. 115 and 100 mAh g −1 at 10 and 20 C, respectively) and high temperature cycling stability (50 • C). Under expanded cut-off voltage range of 0.01-2.5 V, it delivers a high specific capacity of ca. 230 and 170 mAh g −1 at 0.5 and 10 C, respectively, while maintaining an excellent cycling stability. The synthesized Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 shows fast de-lithiation but slow lithiation kinetic processes. When discharged at constant 1 C while charged at 10, 20 and 30 C, respectively, the specific capacity of 162, 160 and 158 mAh g −1 can be achieved. The excellent electrochemical performance of the combustion synthesized Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is ascribed to the porous particle structure and small grain size feature, which ensure the good contact with electrolyte and reduce the lithium ion/electron diffusion distance, and therefore enhance the electrode reaction process.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018
Li4Ti5O12 (lithium titanate) were synthesized by sol-gel and hydrothermal method with LiOH as lithium ion source. Li4Ti5O12/Sn composites anode were preparared by ball mill method with three of Sn variation. X-ray diffraction shows spinel, TiO2, and Sn phases with anatase and rutile residue. The lowest electrolyte resistance obtained at the highest Sn value. The specific capacity of battery can be increased from addition of Sn by up to 258.6 mAh/g. Alloying and dealloying reaction of LixSn accomodate the increased specific capacity from charge/discharge. However, Thevolume expansion from LixSn leads to loss of capacity when the C rate increases. The efficient capacity at low and high charge-discharge rate obtained at the highest value of added Sn.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018
The demand of lithium-ion battery (LIB) has been increased for high power application in transportation system. Thus, the current use of graphite as anode material needs to be replaced, due to formation of unwanted solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer consuming intercalated Li+ that reduces the LIB performance and may cause ignition of the battery in high load usage. One of the candidates for anode material to replace graphite is lithium titanate (LTO), since the LTO does not form SEI and exhibits high-power with outstanding safety properties. This LTO compound was synthesized by mixing the TiO2 xerogel of anatase phase and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) as a source of lithium-ion followed by sintering at temperatures of 750°C to obtain the LTO with spinel crystalline phase. However, the LTO has the low theoretical capacity, i.e: 175 mAh/g, with real specific capacity obtained is at 114 mAh/g. To increase the LTO specific capacity, the addition of 10, 20 and 30 wt.% silicon microparticle which has theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g was conducted during preparation of the slurry anode mixture to minimize the formation of SiO2. Anode sheet was made with Si/LTO and assembled into half-cell coin battery with lithium metal sheet as the counter electrode. Electro-impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge discharge (CD) testing were conducted to examine the battery performance. From EIS testing, the lowest impedance was obtained for the sample of 20 wt.% Si, while the highest impedance value obtained in 30 wt.% Si. The CV testing shows that the highest capacity at 141.1 mAh/g is achieved at the composition of 10 wt.% Si. Finally, from the CD testing, this Si/LTO anode could withstand the charge-discharge until 12 C and shows good stability until 100 cycles. From EIS and CV testing known that the optimum composition having the best performance is ranging from 10 wt.% to 20 wt.% Si. It is predicted that at higher composition, the pulverization of Si particle is occurred declining the performance of Si/LTO anode.
Ionics, 2020
The emerging portable device and electrical vehicle require safe, portable, and high-power energy sources which may be supplied by lithium-ion battery (LIB). The existing carbon anode exhibits several issues in terms of safety such as volume expansion and formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) which can be overcome by applying Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) as an anode. However, the low electronic and ionic conductivity are the main bottlenecks of LTO. This research focuses on synthesizing LTO using TiO 2 synthesized through the sol-gel method. Furthermore, the effect of TiO 2 crystalline size will be discussed accordingly. The crystalline size of TiO 2 was tailored by applying calcination temperature at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C and was heated for 6 h. The crystallite size shown by XRD patterns was 8.01 nm, 13.82 nm, and 27.01 nm, respectively. The best electrochemical properties were exhibited by LTO 300 showing the initial specific capacity of 164 mAh g −1 .