Preliminary report of archaeological research at the Kastel site in Banja Luka in 2019 (original) (raw)

2020, Studia universitatis hereditati znanstvena revija za raziskave in teorijo kulturne dediščine

Kompleks trdnjave Kastel v središču Banjaluke, na sotočju rek Crkvena in Vrbas, je poligonalne oblike in zajema površino 26.610 m 2 v notranjosti in 21.390 m 2 izven obzidja trdnjave. Trdnjavo sestavljajo trije neenaki deli notranjega prostora ali »dvorišča«, devet bastij, štirje stolpi in trije vhodi. Zgrajena je bila iz pravokotnega obdelanega kamna v nepravilnem slogu z dodano apneno malto. Sestavni del obrambnega sistema trdnjave je bil jarek, širok 20-30 m, ki je obdajal Kastel na vseh kopenskih straneh in je danes zasut. Prva arheološka odkritja segajo v leti 1895 in 1924, medtem ko so bila arheološka izkopavanja izvedena v več fazah od leta 1971 do 1988. Do danes so dokumentirani ostanki iz poznega paleolitika (Gravettien), neolitika in eneolitika (badenske in vučedolske kulture) ter pozne bronaste in železne dobe. Ostanki temeljev rimskih zidov, bronaste fibule in številne novčne najdbe iz obdobja od 2. do 4. stoletja najverjetneje pripadajo rimskemu kastrumu, medtem ko so na območju dvorišča III odkrili keramiko iz zgodnjega srednjega veka, ki jo lahko povežemo s slovansko naselbino od 9. do 12. stoletja. Ključne besede: geofizikalno snemanje, revizijska izkopavanja, multiperiodno najdišče Situated at the heart of Banja Luka city centre, at the mouth of the river Crkvena in Vrbas, the Kastel Fortress is a complex, polygonal in shape and occupying an area of 26,610 m2 inside and 21,390 m2 outside the fortification walls. The existing fortress consists of three parts of the inner space of different sizes, the "courtyards", nine bastions, four towers and three entrance gates. It is constructed of rectangular worked stone, in irregular style, with lime mortar added. An integral part of the defense system of the fort was a 20-30 m wide ditch circling the Kastel fortress and now fully backfilled. The first archeological discoveries date from 1895 and 1924, while archaeological excavations were carried out in stages from 1971 to 1988. The findings range in date from the Late Paleolithic (Gravettien), Neolithic and Eneolithic (Baden and Vučedol cultures), and the Late Bronze and Iron Age. Remains of Roman walls, bronze fibulae, and numerous finds of coins from the 2nd to 4th century AD probably deriving from the Roman castrum. Pottery recovered from investigations into the Courtyard III was dated to the early medieval period, possibly corresponding to the Slavic settlement from the period between 9th and 12 th century.