A Study on Particulate Matter From an Area With High Traffic Intensity (original) (raw)
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Concentration of particulate matter associated to a crossroad traffic from Cluj-Napoca City
Large cities crossroads are areas with high pollution level generated by heavy traffic, especially during rush hours. Furthermore, pollution level is increased by heavy traffic through excessive releases of toxic gases and particulate matter. In order to highlight the quality of urban atmosphere in the area of major crossroads from Cluj-Napoca City, particulate matter concentration was monitored in an important crossroad from the southern part of the city, using a direct-reading instrument, the DustTrak Aerosol Monitor, model 8520. The obtained data include the concentration levels of the particulate matter with a diameter ranging between 0.1 and 10 μm. The results were discussed in relation to the crossroad traffic, thus highlighting the influence of heavy traffic on the particulate matter pollution level. The analysis of medium values showed the poor correlation with meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed) during the measurement interval.
Atmospheric Environment, 2004
The spatial variability of aerosol number and mass along roads was determined in different regions (urban, rural and coastal-marine) of the Netherlands. A condensation particle counter (CPC) and an optical aerosol spectrometer (LAS-X) were installed in a van along with a global positioning system (GPS). Concentrations were measured with high-time resolutions while driving allowing investigations not possible with stationary equipment. In particular, this approach proves to be useful to identify those locations where numbers and mass attain high levels ('hot spots'). In general, concentrations of number and mass of particulate matter increase along with the degree of urbanisation, with number concentration being the more sensitive indicator. The lowest particle numbers and PM 1 -concentrations are encountered in a coastal and rural area: o5000 cm À3 and 6 mg m À3 , respectively. The presence of sea-salt material along the North-Sea coast enhances PM >1 -concentrations compared to inland levels. High-particle numbers are encountered on motorways correlating with traffic intensity; the largest average number concentration is measured on the ring motorway around Amsterdam: about 160 000 cm À3 (traffic intensity 100 000 veh day À1 ). Peak values occur in tunnels where numbers exceed 10 6 cm À3 . Enhanced PM 1 levels (i.e. larger than 9 mg m À3 ) exist on motorways, major traffic roads and in tunnels. The concentrations of PM >1 appear rather uniformly distributed (below 6 mg m À3 for most observations). On the urban scale, (large) spatial variations in concentration can be explained by varying intensities of traffic and driving patterns. The highest particle numbers are measured while being in traffic congestions or when behind a heavy diesel-driven vehicle (up to 600 Â 10 3 cm À3 ). Relatively high numbers are observed during the passages of crossings and, at a decreasing rate, on main roads with much traffic, quiet streets and residential areas with limited traffic. The number concentration exhibits a larger variability than mass: the mass concentration on city roads with much traffic is 12% higher than in a residential area at the edge of the same city while the number of particles changes by a factor of two (due to the presence of the ultrafine particles (aerodynamic diameter o100 nm). It is further indicated that people residing at some 100 m downwind a major traffic source are exposed to (still) 40% more particles than those living in the urban background areas. r
On street observations of particulate matter movement and dispersion due to traffic on an urban road
Atmospheric Environment, 2008
Empirical models for particulate matter emissions from paved road surfaces have been criticised for their lack of realism and accuracy. To support the development of a less empirical model, a study was conducted in a busy street at the DAPPLE site in Central London to understand the processes and to identify important parameters that influence emission from paved roads. Ordinary road gritting salt was applied to the road and the particulate matter entering the air at near-road surface level was monitored using optical particle counters. The grit acted as a tracer. The grit moved rapidly along the road in the direction of traffic flow. Build-up of material at the kerb indicated material being thrown across the road by the traffic. Coarser particles were resuspended faster than the finer ones. A clear decay profile was seen in the case of particles larger than 2μm; particles smaller than 2μm did not show any decay pattern during the experiment duration. Grinding of material appears to control the reservoir of fine particles on the road surface. The amount of material resuspended by traffic is about 30% less than those removed along the road and a factor of 6 higher than the amount removed across the road. Resuspension accounts for 40% of the total material removed from a road segment and 70% of the material removed together along and across the road. On average a single vehicle pass removes 0.08% of material present on a road segment at that instant. The calculation scheme is obtained from a short-duration study and therefore further studies of long duration involving varying road geometry and different traffic and meteorological condition need to be carried out before applying parameter estimates presented in this paper.
Atmospheric Environment, 2006
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) presence at four urban sites in the city of Milan (Italy) is characterised in terms of particle size distribution (number, surface, volume) for the cold and warm season. Simultaneous monitoring of particle number concentration (from 300 nm up to 20 mm of diameter) has been performed between August 2002 and December 2004 by means of a low-volume particle size laser analyser. The monitoring sites are characterised by a different exposure to traffic emissions, enabling for the assessment of the role of this source on both PM concentration levels and on particle size distributions. Data from an urban background site, not directly exposed to traffic emission, a site in a residential area of the city, and two kerbside sites (one at open air, one in a road tunnel) directly exposed to the traffic emissions are compared. Weekdays' and weekends' data from the urban background site are analysed for assessing the effect of the reduced traffic circulation on Sundays.
Archives of Current Research International, 2017
Aim: To identify the source of particulate matter (PM) emissions in Mysore urban city roadways by characterizing PM of different aerodynamic diameters (PM 2.5 and PM 10) using various advanced techniques and finding their correlation with site traffic condition. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in urban area of Mysore city, Karnataka, India, from 2014 to 2017. Methodology: Emissions of PM 2.5 and PM 10 were estimated using mathematical model incorporating number of vehicles and their emission factors. The elemental composition, image interpretation, and size distribution of particles were analyzed comprehensively using energy 2 dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods, respectively. Results: PM concentrations were found 2-4 times higher in commercial areas compared to industrial and residential areas, and are considerably correlated (p<0.05) with vehicle traffic and atmospheric temperature. Emissions of PM 2.5 and PM 10 estimated numerically from road traffic data are significantly correlated (p<0.005 and p<0.0005, respectively) with PM concentrations measured experimentally. DLS and SEM image interpretation showed that about 90% of near-roadway particles were in the size of fine particles (PM 2.5) and 74% of them have circularity values above 0.75. EDX analysis found that roadside PM are carbon-rich particles containing 56% black carbon and trace amount of soil-derived particles, sea salts and metal-containing particles. Conclusion: Experimental particle characterization by advanced laboratory analyses and numerical estimation of PM emission using model from road traffic survey both confirmed that fossil-fueled vehicles are the main source of PM emissions in urban area.
Exposure to Aerosols Particles on an Urban Road
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Traffic-related emissions, apart from emissions from fuel combustion for heating purposes, significantly deteriorate air quality in cities. The above mainly concerns areas located close to busy traffic routes. According to epidemiological studies, traffic-related emissions have an adverse health effect. This specifically affects commuters (drivers and car passengers) as well as pedestrians. The aim of this study was to determine the variations of particle number and mass concentrations along a busy road in Lublin, Poland and their impact on the particle exposure for commuters and pedestrians. On-route and fixed-site measurements were performed in the summer (June) with a focus on peak and off-peak traffic hours and road sections with low and high traffic intensity. During peak hours, the average number concentration of ultrafine particles (PN 0.1) in the road section near 4-way traffic intersections (TIs) was about 2 times higher than during off-peak hours. The average mass concentration of fine particles (PM 2.5) was also approximately twice as high than in off-peak hours. Similar relations were found for other measured aerosol particles as well as with respect to particle exposure. The obtained results indicate the need for further extended research on traffic-related emissions and exposure and the ways of limiting them.
Contribution of vehicular traffic towards the particulate emission and its effects on human health
Vehicular traffic pollution, 2018
Particulate matter is small and medium solid and liquid particles which are present in the atmosphere. Vehicular traffic is one of the main contributors of particulate pollution in urban areas. The concentration of vehicular particulate pollution in atmosphere depends upon traffic intensity, time of the day, type of vehicles plying on roads and meteorology. The increase in particulate matter at alarming rate in Bhopal is a topic of measure concern. Congested roads, road side constructions and burning of fuel wood are contributing at high rates to the particulate matter. Both RSPM and SPM have risen to very high levels. Present study reveals that particulate matter during most of the months crossed the safe limits as per CPCB (2009). Current study was carried out at a busy crossing in old congested area of Bhopal township where there is close proximity of residential area besides heavy traffic load. People have been found to suffer from coughing, sneezing, phlegm, wheezing, breathlessness, irritation in eyes, heart problems, hypertension, skin allergy, head ache and nausea.
Roadside measurements of particulate matter size distribution
Atmospheric Environment, 2003
Roadside measurements were performed in order to document the size distribution of particulate matter (PM) under dilution conditions similar to those found in real world. These activities covered measurements at engine test beds, at different locations in a road tunnel as well as in an urban environment. In order to get a clear picture of the evolution of the PM in different size classes, the in-tunnel locations ranged from curb-side to different locations inside the exhaust air system. Additional measurements were performed in the ambient air at curb-side at a street crossing as well as in urban background.
Atmospheric Environment, 2005
On-road size-resolved particulate emission factors were computed using concurrently measured carbon monoxide (CO) as a freeway dilution indicator and correlating roadside particle measurements to CO measurements. The emission factors derived for the total particle number agree well with previous on-road investigations. However, this study extends this analysis to produce unique receptor-dependent, size-resolved, road and grid-level emission factor distributions. Both mileage-and fuel-based particle number and mass emission factors at road and grid levels, along with CO emission factors, are presented and the results from freeways with distinctly different percentages of heavyduty diesel truck traffic are compared. The effects of plume processing on particle number near roadways are shown to be much more profound than on particle mass, further indicting that the adverse health effects observed near roadways are at least partially related to particle numbers. r