Interacción de pesticidas orgánicos con sistemas modelo de los componentes del suelo (original) (raw)

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (278)

  1. 1 CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES .........................................................................................
  2. 2 EXTRACCIÓN Y FRACCIONAMIENTO ...............................................................................
  3. 3 CARACTERIZACIÓN ............................................................................................................
  4. 3.1 Análisis Elemental ...................................................................................................
  5. 3.2 Espectroscopía Ultravioleta-Visible .....................................................................
  6. Espectroscopía Infrarroja ......................................................................................
  7. C .............................
  8. 4 PROPIEDADES ÁCIDO-BASE ............................................................................................ 2.4.1 Valoraciones Potenciométricas ............................................................................
  9. 4.2 Parámetros Condicionales de Protonación ........................................................
  10. Modelos de Protonación ....................................................................................
  11. 4.3.a Modelo de Esfera Impenetrable .............................................................
  12. 4.3.b Modelo Donnan .......................................................................................
  13. 4.3.c Curvas de Carga Maestras .......................................................................
  14. 4.3.d Parámetros Intrínsecos de Protonación .................................................
  15. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................................ Capítulo 3 Interacción de Pesticidas Orgánicos con Sustancias Húmicas ......................................
  16. 1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS PESTICIDAS ..........................................................................
  17. 1.1 Paraquat ..................................................................................................................
  18. 1.2 MCPA .......................................................................................................................
  19. 2 PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL .....................................................................................
  20. 2.1 Experimentos de Diálisis .......................................................................................
  21. 2.1.a Diálisis de Paraquat ....................................................................................
  22. 2.1.b Diálisis de MCPA .......................................................................................
  23. 2.1.c Diálisis del Ácido Húmico ........................................................................
  24. 2.1.d Diálisis del Ácido Fúlvico ......................................................................... 74
  25. 2.2 Experimentos de Adsorción ................................................................................ 77 3.
  26. ISOTERMAS DE ADSORCIÓN DE PARAQUAT SOBRE SUSTANCIAS HÚMICAS ......... 84
  27. Adsorción de Paraquat sobre Ácido Húmico .................................................. 84
  28. 3.2 Adsorción de Paraquat sobre Ácido Fúlvico .................................................... 86
  29. Análisis de Resultados ........................................................................................... 89
  30. Húmico ...................................................................................................... 90
  31. 3.3.c Comparación de Resultados ................................................................... 96
  32. 4 ISOTERMAS DE ADSORCIÓN DE MCPA SOBRE SUSTANCIAS HÚMICAS ................105
  33. Procedimiento Experimental ..............................................................................105 3.4.2 Isotermas de Adsorción y Análisis de Resultados ..........................................106
  34. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..........................................................................................................................109
  35. Capítulo 4 Síntesis, Caracterización y Propiedades Ácido-Base de Goetita ............................... 113
  36. 1 ESTRUCTURA Y MORFOLOGÍA ........................................................................................116
  37. 2 SÍNTESIS .............................................................................................................................118
  38. 3 CARACTERIZACIÓN ..........................................................................................................120
  39. 3.1 Área superficial Específica ..................................................................................121
  40. 3.2 Espectroscopía Infrarroja .....................................................................................123
  41. 3.3 Difracción de Rayos X .........................................................................................124
  42. Microscopía Electrónica .....................................................................................126
  43. 4 PROPIEDADES ÁCIDO-BASE............................................................................................127
  44. 4.1 Punto de Carga Cero ...........................................................................................128 4.4.2 Parámetros de Afinidad Protónica .....................................................................133
  45. 4.2.a Modelo CD-MUSIC ..................................................................................138
  46. 4.2.b Ajuste de las Curvas de Carga ...............................................................141
  47. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..........................................................................................................................143
  48. Capítulo 5 Adsorción de Pesticidas Orgánicos sobre Goetita ...................................................... 147 5.1 ISOTERMAS DE ADSORCIÓN DE MCPA.........................................................................150
  49. Procedimiento Experimental ..............................................................................150 5.1.2 Isotermas de Adsorción ......................................................................................151 5.1.3 Análisis de Resultados ..........................................................................................155 5.1.3.a Parámetros Condicionales ......................................................................155 5.1.3.b Modelo de Complejación Superficial CD-MUSIC .............................163
  50. 2 ISOTERMAS DE ADSORCIÓN DE PARAQUAT ..............................................................169 5.2.1 Procedimiento Experimental ..............................................................................169 5.2.2 Isotermas de Adsorción .....................................................................................169 5.2.3 Análisis de Resultados .........................................................................................172 5.2.3.a Parámetros Condicionales ......................................................................172 5.2.3.b Modelo de Complejación Superficial CD-MUSIC................................173
  51. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..........................................................................................................................176
  52. Capítulo 6 Adsorción de Pesticidas Orgánicos sobre Goetita Recubierta con Ácido Húmico.......................................................................................................................179 6.1 RECUBRIMIENTO DE LA SUPERFICIE .................................................................................182 6.2 ISOTERMAS DE ADSORCIÓN .........................................................................................184 6.2.1 MCPA......................................................................................................................185
  53. 2.2 Paraquat..................................................................................................................186
  54. 3 ÁNALISIS DE RESULTADOS .............................................................................................187
  55. W. Ziechmann, Humic Substances, BI Wissenschaftsverlag, Mannheim, 1994.
  56. M. Schnitzer, Soil Sci., 151, 41-58,1991.
  57. F.J. Stevenson, Humus Chemistry. Genesis, Composition, Reactions, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.
  58. G. Sposito, CRC Crit. Rew. Environ. Control, 16, 193-229, 1986.
  59. J. Buffle, Complexation Reactions in Aquatic Systems: An Analytical Approach, Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, 1988.
  60. G.R. Aiken, D.M. McKnight, R.L. Wershaw, P. MacCarthy, "An introduction to humic substances in soil, sediment, and water", en Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment and Water, G.R. Aiken, P. MacCarthy, R.L. Malcolm, R.S. Swift (eds.), J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985.
  61. S.A. Waksman, Humus: Origin, Chemical Composition, and Importance in Nature, Williams y Wilkins, Baltimore, 1936.
  62. P.G. Hatcher, E.C. Spiker, "Selective degradation of plant biomolecules", en Humic Substances and their Role in the Environment, F.H. Frimmel, R.F. Christman (eds.), J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.
  63. D.S. Orlov, Humus Acids of Soils, A.A. Balkema (ed.), Rotterdam, 1985.
  64. P. MacCarthy, "The principles of humic substances: An introduction to the first principle", en Humic Substances: Structures, Models and Functions, E.A. Ghabbour, G. Davies (eds.), The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2001.
  65. M.H.B. Hayes, P. MacCarthy, R.L. Malcolm, R.S. Swift (eds.), Humic Substances II: In Search of Structure, Wiley, Chichester, 1989.
  66. P.M. Huang (ed.), Future Prospects for Soil Chemistry, Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Wisconsin, 1998.
  67. P. Dubah, N. Mehta, Soils Fert., 26, 293-300, 1963.
  68. E.J. Gjessing, Characterization of Aquatic Humus, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1976.
  69. R.S. Cameron, B.K. Thornton, R.S. Swift, A.M. Posner, J. Soil Sci., 23, 394-408, 1972.
  70. K. Ghosh, M. Schnitzer, Soil Sci., 129, 266-276, 1980.
  71. A. Piccolo, S. Nardi, G. Concheri, Chemosphere, 33, 595-602, 1996.
  72. A. Piccolo, S. Nardi, G. Concheri, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 47, 319-328, 1996.
  73. A. Piccolo, P. Conte, Adv. Environ. Res., 3, 508-521, 2000.
  74. N.L. Wolfe, D.L. Macaladay, J. Contam. Hydrol., 9,17-34,1992.
  75. R.J. Swaby, J.N. Ladd, Transactions of Joint Meeting Comms., IV & V, Inter. Soc. Soil Sci., Palmerston North, New Zeland, 1962.
  76. F.J. Sowden, H. Deuel, Soils Sci., 91, 44-48, 1961.
  77. E.M. Thurman, "Isolation of soil and aquatic humic substances", en Humic Substances and their Role in the Environment, F.H. Frimmel, R.F. Christman (eds.), Wiley-Interscience, Chichester, 1988.
  78. R.S. Swift, "Organic matter characterization", en Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3-Chemical Methods, D.L. Sparks (ed.), SSSA Book Series; 5, Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, 1996. J. A. Leenheer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 15, 578-587, 1981.
  79. M. Camps Arbestain, M.E. Barreal, F. Macías, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66, 464-473, 2002.
  80. D Gondar, Estudio de la Protonación y de la Complejación Metálica en Sustancias Húmicas Extraídas de una Turbera. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2003.
  81. D. Gondar, R. López, S. Fiol, J.M. Antelo, F. Arce, Geoderma, 126, 367-374, 2005.
  82. J. Antelo, Efecto de las Sustancias Húmicas en la Adsorción de Fosfato sobre Goetita, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2004.
  83. J.C. Lobartini, K.H. Tan, L.E. Asmussen, R.A. Leonard, D. Himmelsbach, A.R. Gingle, Geoderma, 49, 241-254, 1991. C. Steelink, "Implications of elemental characteristics of humic substances", en Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment and Water. Geochemistry, Isolation and Characterization, G.R. Aiken, D.M. McKnight, R.L. Wershaw, P. MacCarthy (eds.), Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985. J.A. Rice, P. MacCarthy, Org. Geochim. Acta, 48, 2045-2051, 1984.
  84. K. Kumada, Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987.
  85. M. Schnitzer, "Humic substances: chemistry and reactions", en Soil Organic Matter, M. Schnitzer, S.U. Khan (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978. D.W. van Krevelen, Fuel, 29, 269, 1961.
  86. A.J. Simpson, B.E. Watt, C.L. Graham, M.H.B. Hayes, "Humic substances from Podzsols under oak forest and a cleared forest site I. Isolation and characterization", en Humic Substances, Peats and Sludges: Health and Environmental Aspects, M.H.B. Hayes, W.S. Wilson (eds.), The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1997. M. Schnitzer, "Characterization of humic constituens by spectroscopy", en Soil Biochemistry, A.D. McLaren, J. Skujins (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971.
  87. Y. Chen, N. Senesi, M. Schnitzer, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 41, 352-358, 1977.
  88. M.M. Kononova, Soil Organic Matter, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966.
  89. Y-P. Chin, G. Aiken, E. O'Louglin, Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 1853-1858, 1994.
  90. F.J. Stevenson, J.H.A. Butler, "Chemistry of humic acids and related pigments", en Organic Geochemistry, G. Eglinton, M.T.J. Murphy (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1969.
  91. F.J. Stevenson, K.M. Goh, Soil Sci., 113, 334-345, 1972.
  92. F.J. Stevenson, Humus Chemistry. Genesis, Composition, Reactions, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
  93. N. Cardellicchio, A. Palma, N. Montemurro, P. Ragone, "Humic and fulvic acids in marine sediments in the Ionian sea (Italy)", en Humic Substances in the Global Environment and Implications on Human Health, N. Senesi, T. M. Miano (eds.), Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 1994.
  94. C. Preston, Soil Sci., 161, 144-166, 1996.
  95. R.L. Malcolm, "Application of solid-state 13 C-NMR spectroscopy to geochemical studies of humic substances", en Humic Substances II: in Search of Structure, M.H.B. Hayes, P. MacCarthy, R.L. Malcolm, R.S. Swift (eds.), J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.
  96. I. Christl, H. Knicker, I. Kögel-Knabner, R. Kretzschmar, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 51, 617-625, 2000.
  97. P. Conte, A. Piccolo, B. Van Lagen, P. Buurman, P.A. Jager, Geoderma, 80, 327-338, 1997.
  98. P.G. Hatcher, M. Schnitzer, L.W. Dennis, G.E. Maciel, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45, 1089-1094, 1981.
  99. M.S. Mills, E.M. Thurman, J. Ertel, K.A. Thorn, "Organic geochemistry and sources of natural aquatic foams", en Humic and Fulvic Acids. Isolation, Structure and Environmental Role, J. S. Gaffney, N.A. Marley, S.B. Clark (eds.), ACS Symposium series Nº 651, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC, 1996.
  100. P.W. Linder, R.G. Torrington, D.R. Williams, Analysis Using Glass Electrodes, Open University Press, New York, 1984.
  101. R. López, S. Fiol, J.M. Antelo, F. Arce, Anal. Chim. Acta, 434, 105-112, 2001.
  102. C.J. Milne, D.G. Kinniburgh, E. Tipping, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2049-2059, 2001.
  103. I. Christl, R. Kretzschmar, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2505-2511, 2001.
  104. J.C.M. de Wit, W.H. van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2005-2014,1993.
  105. M.F. Bennedetti, W.H. van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1805-1813, 1996.
  106. M.J. Avena, L.K. Koopal, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 217, 37-48,1999.
  107. E.M. Perdue, C.R. Lytle, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 654-660, 1983.
  108. D.A. Dzombak, W. Fish, F.M.M. Morel, Environ. Sci. Technol., 20, 669-675, 1986.
  109. R. Sips, J. Chem. Phys., 16, 490-495, 1948.
  110. R. Sips, J. Chem. Phys., 18, 1024-1026, 1950. J. Tóth, W. Rudzinski, A. Waksmundzki, M. Jaroniec, S. Sokolowski, Acta Chim. Hung., 82, 11-21, 1974.
  111. E. Tipping, M.A. Hurley, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3627-3641, 1992.
  112. B.M. Bartschat, S.E. Cabaniss, F.M.M. Morel, Environ. Sci. Technol, 26, 284-294, 1992.
  113. J.C.M. de Wit, W.H. van Riemsdijk, M.M. Nederlof, D.G Kinniburgh, L.K. Koopal, Anal. Chim. Acta, 232, 189- 207, 1990. J.A. Marinsky, S. Gupta, P. Schindler, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 89, 401-411, 1982. J.A. Marinsky, J.H. Ephraim, Environ. Sci. Technol., 20, 349-354, 1986.
  114. D.G. Kinniburgh, C.J. Milne, M.F. Bennedetti, J.P. Pinheiro, J. Filius, L.K. Koopal, W.H. van Riemsdijk, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1687-1698, 1996.
  115. J.C.M. de Wit, W.H. van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2015-2022, 1993.
  116. J.C.M. de Wit, Proton and Metal Ion Binding to Humic Substances, Ph. D. Thesis, Wageningen University, 1992. D.G. Kinniburgh, W.H. van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, M. Borkovec, M.F. Benedetti, M.J. Avena, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 151, 147-166, 1999.
  117. S. Fiol, R. López, A. Ramos, J.M. Antelo, F. Arce, Anal. Chim. Acta, 385, 443-449, 1999.
  118. J.L. Carballeira, Desarrollo de un Modelo de Complejación de Cationes Metálicos por Sustancias Húmicas, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1997. Se observa que a la fuerza iónica más alta (0,02 M), a las cuatro horas de diálisis, se igualan las
  119. M.H.B. Hayes, Res. Rev., 32, 137-174, 1970.
  120. S.U. Khan, Environ. Lett., 3, 1-12, 1972.
  121. F.J. Stevenson, J. Environ. Qual., 1, 333-343, 1972.
  122. G.W. Bailey, J.L. White, J. Agric. Food Chem., 12, 324-332, 1964.
  123. M.D. Santos-Buelga, M.J. Sánchez-Martín, M.J. Sánchez-Camazano, Chemosphere, 25, 727-734, 1992.
  124. N. Senesi, Sci. Total Environ., 123/124, 63-76, 1992.
  125. B. Gevao, K.T. Semple, K.C. Jones, Environ. Pollut., 108, 3-14, 2000.
  126. F.J. Stevenson, Humus Chemistry. Genesis, Composition, Reactions, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
  127. R.L. Wershaw, J. Contam. Hydrol., 1, 29-45, 1986.
  128. M. Schnitzer, Soil Sci., 151, 41-58, 1991.
  129. L.E. Sojo, D.S. Gamble, C.H. Langford, R.H. Zienius, J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part B, 24, 619-646, 1989.
  130. J. McCarthy, B.D. Jiménez, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1072-1076, 1985.
  131. C.W. Carter, I.H. Suffet, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 735-740, 1982.
  132. B.M. Olson, Can. J. Soil Sci., 70, 515-518, 1990.
  133. R. Saint-Fort, S.A. Visser, J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part A, 23, 613-624, 1988.
  134. D.R. Narine, R.D. Guy, Soil Sci., 133, 356-363, 1982.
  135. C. Maqueda, E. Morillo, J.L. Rodríguez, Soil Sci., 148, 336-345, 1989.
  136. C. Maqueda, J.L. Pérez, F. Martín, M.C. Hermosín, Soil Sci., 136, 75-81, 1983.
  137. D.C Nearpass, Soil Sci., 121, 272-277, 1976.
  138. A.A. Akhaiven, D.L. Linscott, Res. Rev., 23, 97-145, 1968.
  139. A. Calderbank, Adv. Pest Control Res., 8, 127-235, 1968.
  140. S.U. Khan, Pesticides in the Soil Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980.
  141. C.M. Chen, A.C. Lua, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health (A), 60, 477-487, 2000.
  142. L. Ritter, K. Solomon, P. Sibley, K. Hall, P. Keen, G. Mattu, B. Linton, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health (A), 65, 1- 142, 2002.
  143. G.E. Coats, H.H. Funderburk Jr., J.M. Lawrence, D.E. Davis, Weed Res., 6, 58-66, 1966.
  144. R.J. Hance, J. Sci. Food Agr., 18, 544-547, 1967.
  145. R.G. Burns, L.J. Audus, Weed Res., 10, 49-58, 1970.
  146. I.G. Burns, M.H.B. Hayes, M. Stacey, Weed Res., 13, 79-90, 1973.
  147. S.U. Khan, Can. J. Soil Sci., 53, 199-204, 1973.
  148. W. Stumm, J.J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters, J. Wiley & Sons, Canada, 1996.
  149. R.D. Guy, D.R. Narine, S. de Silva, Can. J. Chem., 58, 547-554, 1980.
  150. D.R. Narine, Characterization of Organocation Interactions with Environmental Materials in Aqueous Systems, Ph. D. Thesis, Dalhousie University, 1980.
  151. C. Maqueda, E. Morillo, F. Martín, T. Undabeytia, J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part B, 28, 655-670, 1993.
  152. H.G. McCall, R.W. Bovey, M.G. McCully, M.G. Merkle, Weed Sci., 20, 250-255, 1972.
  153. E. Tipping, M.A. Hurley, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3627-3641, 1992.
  154. B.M. Bartschat, S.E. Cabaniss, F.M.M. Morel, Environ Sci. Technol, 26, 284-294, 1992.
  155. J.C.M. de Wit, W.H. Van Riemsdijk, M.M. Nederlof, D.G Kinniburgh, L.K. Koopal, Anal. Chim. Acta, 232, 189-207, 1990.
  156. J.C.M. de Wit, W.H. van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2005-2014, 1993.
  157. C. Maqueda, E. Morillo, F. Martín, T. Undabeytia, J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part B, 28, 655-670, 1993.
  158. M.F. Bennedetti, C.J. Milne, D.G. Kinniburgh, W.H. van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 446-457, 1995.
  159. C.J. Milne, D.G. Kinniburgh, J.C.M de Wit, W.H. van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 175, 448-460, 1995.
  160. A. Iglesias, R. López, S. Fiol, J.M. Antelo, F. Arce, Water Res., 37, 3749-3755, 2003.
  161. C.J. Milne, D.G. Kinniburgh, W.H. van Riemsdijk, E. Tipping, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 958-971, 2003. P. Benoit, E. Barriuso, S. Houot, R. Calvet, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 47, 567-578, 1996.
  162. R. Celis, M.C. Hermosín, L. Cox, J. Cornejo, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1200-1206, 1999.
  163. G.W. Bailey, J.L. White, Res. Rev., 32, 29-92, 1970.
  164. R.S. Adams, Res. Rev., 47, 1-54, 1973.
  165. U. Mingelgrin, Z. Gerstl, J. Environ. Qual., 12, 1-11, 1983.
  166. S.W. Karickhoff, J. Hydraul. Eng., 110, 707-735, 1984.
  167. C.T. Chiou, L.J. Peters, V.H. Freed, Science, 206, 831-832, 1979.
  168. B.J. Brownawell, H. Chen, J.M. Collier, J.C. Westall, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 1234-1241, 1990.
  169. R. Celis, M.C. Hermosín, L. Cox, J. Cornejo, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1200-1206, 1999.
  170. M.J. Frissel, G.H. Bolt, Soil Sci., 94, 284-291, 1962.
  171. D.A. Laird, E. Barriuso, R.H. Dowdy, W.C. Koskinen, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56, 62-67, 1992.
  172. L. Clausen, I. Fabricius, L. Madsen, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 846-857, 2001.
  173. L. Clausen, I. Fabricius, J. Environ. Qual, 30, 858-869, 2001.
  174. W. Stumm, Chemistry of the Solid-Water Interface. Processes at the Mineral-Water and Particle-Water Interface in Natural Systems, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992.
  175. R.M. Cornell, U. Schwertmann, The Iron Oxides. Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses, VCH Publishers, New York, 1996.
  176. R.M. Cornell, A.M. Posner, J.P. Quirk, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 1937-1946, 1974.
  177. R.L. Parfitt, R.J. Atkinson, R.S.C. Smart, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 39, 837-841, 1975.
  178. K.L. Smith, R.A. Eggleton, Clays Clay Miner., 31, 392-396, 1983.
  179. S. Mann, R.M. Cornell, U. Schwertmann, Clay Miner., 20, 255-262, 1985.
  180. U. Schwertmann, Clay Miner., 19, 9-19, 1984.
  181. P. Venema, T. Hiemstra, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 183, 515-527, 1996.
  182. M. Kosmulski, S. Duran-Vidal, E. Mazcka, J.B. Rosenholm, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 271, 261-269, 2004.
  183. R.J. Atkinson, A.M. Posner, J.P. Quirk, J. Phys. Chem., 71, 550-558, 1967.
  184. T. Hiemstra, J.C.M. de Wit, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 133, 105-117, 1989.
  185. J. Antelo, Efecto de las Sustancias Húmicas en la Adsorción de Fosfato sobre Goetita, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2004.
  186. S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 309-319, 1938.
  187. T. Hiemstra, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 179, 488-508, 1996.
  188. P. Cambier, Clay Miner., 21, 191-200, 1986.
  189. J.D. Russell, R.L. Parfitt, A.R. Fraser, V.C. Farmer, Nature, 248, 220-221, 1974. H. Wijna, C.P. Schulthess, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 324-330, 2001.
  190. L.D. Whitting, W.R. Allardice, "X-ray diffraction techniques", en Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 -Physical and Mineralogical Methods, A. Klute (ed.), SSSA Book Series: 5, Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI, 1986. J.L. Hazeman, J.F. Berar, A. Manceau, Mat. Sci. Forum, 79, 821-826, 1991.
  191. B. Prélot, F. Villiéras, M. Pelletier, G. Gérard, F. Gaboriaud, J.J. Ehrhardt, J. Perrone, M. Fedoroff, J. Jeanjean, G. Lefevre, L. Mazerolles, J.L. Pastol, J.C. Rouchaud, C. Lindecker, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 261, 244-254, 2003. M. Kosmulski, Langmuir, 12, 6315-6320, 1997.
  192. M. Kosmulski, Chemical Properties of Material Surfaces, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001. G.A. Parks, Chem. Rev., 65, 177-198, 1965.
  193. M.F. Hochella, A.F. White (eds.), Mineral-Water Interface Geochemistry, Vol 23, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1990.
  194. J. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992.
  195. G. Sposito, The Surface Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press, New York, 1984.
  196. G.A. Parks, P.L. de Bruyn, J. Phys. Chem., 66, 967-973, 1962.
  197. D. Dzombak, F. Morel, Surface Complexation Modeling. Hydrous Ferric Oxide, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990. J.F. Boily, N. Nilsson, P. Persson, S. Sjöberg, Langmuir, 16, 5719-5729, 2000.
  198. J.P. Gustafsson, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 52, 639-653, 2001.
  199. R. Weerasooriya, D. Aluthpatabendi, H.J. Tobschall, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 189, 131- 144, 2001. C.J. Tadanier, M.J. Eick, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66, 1505-1517, 2002.
  200. J. Antelo, M. Avena, S. Fiol, R. López, F. Arce, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 285, 476-486, 2005.
  201. M. Kosmulski, E. Maczka, E. Jartych, J.B. Rosenholm, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 103, 57-76, 2003.
  202. M. Kosmulski, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 253, 77-87, 2002.
  203. K. Wada, Y. Okamura, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 47, 902-905, 1983.
  204. R. Strauss, G.W. Brummer, N.J. Barrow, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 48, 87-99, 1997.
  205. M. Villalobos, M.A. Trotz, J.O. Leckie, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 268, 273-287, 2003.
  206. F. Gaboriaud, J.J. Ehrhardt, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 967-983, 2003. J.A. Davis, J.O. Leckie, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 67, 90-107, 1978.
  207. J.A. Davis, J.O. Leckie, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 74, 32-43, 1980.
  208. T. Hiemstra, P. Venema, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 184, 680-692, 1996.
  209. J.D. Filius, T. Hiemstra, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 195, 363-380, 1997.
  210. W. Stumm, C.P. Huang, S.R. Jenkins, Croat. Chem. Acta, 42, 223-245, 1970.
  211. T. Hiemstra, W.H. van Riemsdijk, Colloids Surf., 59, 7-25, 1991.
  212. J.A. Davis, R.O. James, J.O. Leckie, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 63, 480-499, 1978.
  213. G. Gouy, Ann. Phys. (Paris), 9, 457-468, 1910.
  214. D.L. Chapman, Philos. Mag., 25, 475-481, 1913.
  215. T. Hiemstra, W.H. van Riemsdijk, G.H. Bolt, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 133, 91-104, 1989.
  216. T. Hiemstra, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 210, 182-193, 1999.
  217. G.H. Bolt, Soil Chemistry: Basic Physico-Chemistry Models, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1982. W.H. van Riemsdijk, G.H. Bolt, L.K. Koopal, J. Blaakmeer, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 109, 219-228, 1986. J.F. Boily, P. Persson, S. Sjöberg, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 227, 132-140, 2000.
  218. B.J. Brownawell, H. Chen, J.M. Collier, J.C. Westall, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 1234-1241, 1990.
  219. R. Celis, M.C. Hermosín, L. Cox, J. Cornejo, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1200-1206, 1999.
  220. S. Hyun, L.S. Lee, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5413-5419, 2004.
  221. K.F. Hayes, J.O. Leckie, "Mechanism of lead ion adsorption at the goethite-water interface", en Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces, J.A. Davis, K.F. Hayes (eds.), ACS Symposium Series Nº 323, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC, 1986.
  222. K.F. Hayes, C. Papelis, J.O. Leckie, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 125, 717-726, 1988.
  223. M.B. McBride, Clays Clay Miner., 45, 598-602, 1997.
  224. L. Clausen, I. Fabricius, L. Madsen, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 846-857, 2001.
  225. R. Celis, E. Barriuso, S. Hout, Chemosphere, 37, 1091-1107, 1998.
  226. H. Rütters, A. Höllrigl-Rosta, R. Kreuzig, M. Bahadir, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 1242-1246, 1999.
  227. M.F. Hochella, A.F. White (eds.), Mineral-Water Interface Geochemistry, Vol 23, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1990.
  228. J. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992.
  229. L. Clausen, I. Fabricius, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 858-869, 2001.
  230. P.H. Jensen, H.C.B. Hansen, J. Rasmussen, O.S. Jacobsen, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6662-6668, 2004.
  231. J.R. Watson, A.M. Posner, J.P. Quirk, J. Soil Sci., 24, 503-511, 1973.
  232. R. Kummert, W. Stumm, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 75, 373-385, 1980.
  233. C.R. Evanko, D.A. Dzombak, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2846-2855, 1998.
  234. R.M. Cornell, U. Schwertmann, The Iron Oxides. Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses, VCH Publishers, New York, 1996.
  235. C.H. Giles, T.H. MacEwan, S.N. Kakhwa, D. Smith, J. Chem. Soc., 3, 3973-3993, 1960.
  236. C.H. Giles, D. Smith, A. Huitson, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 47, 755-765, 1974.
  237. C.H. Giles, A.P. D´Silva, I.A. Easton, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 47, 766-778, 1974.
  238. S. Brunauer, L.S. Deming, W.E. Deming, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 62, 1723-1732, 1940.
  239. K.S.W. Sing, D.H. Everett, R.A.W. Haul, L. Moscou, R.A. Pierotti, J. Rouquérol, T. Siemieniewska, Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 603-619, 1985.
  240. L. Madrid, E. Díaz-Barrientos, Aust. J. Soil Res., 29, 15-23, 1991.
  241. B.V. Kavanagh, A.M. Posner, J.P. Quirk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 61, 545-553, 1977.
  242. B.V. Kavanagh, A.M. Posner, J.P. Quirk, J. Soil Sci., 31, 33-39, 1980. C. Hinz, Geoderma, 99, 225-243, 2001.
  243. B. Gu, J. Schmitt, Z. Chen, L. Liang, J.F. McCarthy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 38-46, 1994.
  244. P.G. Grant, S.L. Lemke, M.R. Dwyer, T.D. Phillips, Langmuir, 14, 4292-4299, 1998.
  245. T. Hiemstra, W.H. van Riemsdijk, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 179, 488-508, 1996.
  246. J.D. Filius, Modeling the Adsorption of Weak Organic Acids on Goethite. The Ligand and Charge Distribution Model. Ph. D. Thesis, Wageningen Unniversity, 2001.
  247. J. Torrent, V. Barrón, U. Schwertmann, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 54, 1007-1012, 1990.
  248. J.D. Russell, R.L. Parfitt, A.R. Fraser, V.C. Farmer, Nature, 248, 220-221, 1974. X. Sun, H.E. Doner, Soil Sci., 161, 865-872, 1996.
  249. J.F. Boily, P. Persson, S. Sjöberg, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 227, 132-140, 2000.
  250. G. Rytwo, S. Nir, L. Margulies, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 601-610, 1996.
  251. W.T. Tsai, C.W. Lai, K.J. Hsien, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 224, 99-105, 2003. Y. Seki, K. Yurdakoç, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 287, 1-5, 2005.
  252. J.M. Martín, J.M. Mouchel, P. Nirel, Water. Sci. Technol., 18, 83-92, 1986.
  253. G.M. Day, B.T. Hart, I.D. McKelvie, R. Beckett, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 89, 1-13, 1994.
  254. J.L. Zhou, S. Rowland, R.F.C. Mantoura, J. Braven, Water Res., 28, 571-579, 1994.
  255. L.E. Sojo, D.S. Gamble, C.H. Langford, R.H. Zienius, J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part B, 24, 619-646, 1989.
  256. J. McCarthy, B.D. Jiménez, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1072-1076, 1985.
  257. C.W. Carter, I.H. Suffet, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 735-740, 1982.
  258. B.M. Olson, Can. J. Soil Sci., 70, 515-518, 1990.
  259. R. Celis, M.C. Hermosin, L. Cox, J. Cornejo, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1200-1206, 1999.
  260. M.J. Frissel, G.H. Bolt, Soil Sci., 94, 284-291, 1962.
  261. D.A. Laird, E. Barriuso, R.H. Dowdy, W.C. Koskinen, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56, 62-67, 1992.
  262. L. Clausen, I. Fabricius, L. Madsen, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 846-857, 2001.
  263. A. Pusino, W. Liu, C. Gessa, Pestic. Sci., 36, 283-286, 1992.
  264. A. Pusino, W. Liu, C. Gessa, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 1026-1029, 1994.
  265. S.U. Khan, Pesticides in the Soil Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980.
  266. J.A. Davis, R. Gloor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 15, 1223-1229, 1981.
  267. G.U. Balcke, N.A. Kulikova, S. Hesse, F.D. Kopinke, I.V. Perminova, F.H. Frimmel, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66, 1805-1812, 2002.
  268. J. Antelo, Efecto de las Sustancias Húmicas en la Adsorción de Fosfato sobre Goetita, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2004.
  269. B. Gu, J. Schmitt, Z. Chen, L. Liang, J.F. McCarthy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 38-46, 1994.
  270. M. Ochs, B. Cosovic, W. Stumm, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 639-650, 1994.
  271. E. Tipping, D.C. Higgins, Colloids Surf., 5, 85-92, 1982.
  272. L. Liang, J.J. Morgan, Aquatic Sci., 52, 32-55, 1990.
  273. R. Kretzschmar, D. Hesterberg, H. Sticher, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 101-108, 1997.
  274. J.J. Lenhart, B.D. Honeyman, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 2891-2901, 1999.
  275. Q. Du, Z. Sun, W. Forling, H. Tang, Water Res., 33, 693-706, 1999.
  276. M.A. Ali, D.A. Dzombak, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 291-304, 1996.
  277. I. Christl, R. Kretzschmar, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 3435-3442, 2001.
  278. E. Karltun, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 49, 113-120, 1998.