Asiatic acid inhibits intracellularShigella flexnerigrowth by inducing antimicrobial peptide gene expression (original) (raw)
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Screening of plants for antibacterial activity against Shigella species
Aqueous extracts of leaves of 48 plants belonging to 33 different families of the plant kingdom were subjected to in vitro antibacterial activity assay against human pathogen Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei employing cup diffusion method. The selection of plants was based on traditional knowledge and random selection. The results revealed that aqueous extract of 10 plants (21%) exhibited antibacterial activity. Different solvent extracts viz., petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol and ethanol extracts of all the plants were also subjected to antibacterial activity. Among the different solvent extracts tested methanol extract of 13 plants (27%) revealed antibacterial activity and the spectrum of activity varied among the test pathogens. The minimal inhibitory concentration of aqueous extracts varied for the Shigella species tested. The present study demonstrates a collection of candidate plants with anti-Shigella activity, which could be further exploi...
Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016
Shigella is a gram-negative intracellular pathogen which causes bacillus diarrhea in humans. Besides clinical and gastrointestinal diseases, shigella causes food poisoning. In Iran, medicinal plants are used to treat infectious diseases. In this review article, the native medicinal plants to Iran that are effective on shigellosis were reported. For this purpose the key words Shigella, medicinal plants, essence, and extract were searched for in databases such as Scientific Information Database, Scopus, PubMed, Magiran, and Google Scholar and the related articles were retrieved and analyzed. Findings indicated that 18 medicinal plants native to Iran were effective on shigellosis,
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2022
Objective: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum S.), weed grass (Imperata cylindrica L.), pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa L.) and nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) are selected weeds found in Indonesia which have been used as ruminants feeding with a complete diet component and evidently reported that bioactive contents of weeds provide more protection to microbial attack than that of crops. This has led to an increase interest in the investigation of weed extracts as anti-shigellosis agents for humans and animals, but there is still no data regarding on phytochemical and pharmacological of our selected weeds as an anti-shigellosis. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to analyze phytochemical and anti-shigellosis properties of those selected weeds towards sensitive (S) and resistant S. dysentriae (R) strains of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazoles. Methods: Phytochemical screening was done using the standard method and further analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antishigellosis activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method; meanwhile, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was determined using the microdilution method. Results: In general, weeds contain flavonoids, steroid, and quinone compounds. The resulted anti-shigellosis showed that all weed extracts produced higher inhibition to sensitive than resistant strains. The MIC-MBC values of each weed on sensitive and resistant, respectively, were as follow: P. purpureum S (S=≥1.25%; R=≥2.5% w/v); I. cylindrica (S=≥5.0%; R=≥ 2.5-10.0%w/v); H. corymbosa (S=≥2.5%; R=≥2.5-10%w/v); and C. rotundus (S=≥2.5-5.0%; R=≥5.0-10%w/v). From these data, all of these weeds have the potential to complement antibiotics that are no longer effective in the treatment of shigella infections. Conclusion: In summary, P. purpureum extract could be promoted as a novel supplement phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of bacillary dysentery.
In this study, the extract of a green leafy vegetable Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) was evaluated for its in vitro antibacterial and in vivo anti colonizing effect against common intestinal pathogenic bacteria. Methanolic extract (80%) of Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) leaf contained a polyphenol content of 910 mg Gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight and the yield was 8%. The flavonoid content was 2.353 g quercetin equivalent per 100 g of the extract. In vitro studies indicated that the extract inhibited numerous pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25923), Shigella dysenteriae 1 (NT4907), Shigella flexneri 2a (2457T), Shigella boydii 4 (BCH612), and Shigella sonnie phase I (IDH00968). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli (ATCC 25923) was minimal (0.08 mg/mL), whereas MIC against S. flexneri 2a (2457T) was higher (0.13 mg/mL). A suckling mouse model was developed which involved challenging the mice intragastrically with S. flexneri 2a (2457T) and S. dysenteriae 1 (NT4907) to study the anticolonization activity. It was revealed that the extract was more potent against S. dysenteriae 1 (NT4907) as compared to S. flexneri 2a (2457T). It was also found that simultaneous administration of extract along with bacterial inoculums promoted good anticolonization activity. Significant activity was observed even when treated after 3 h of bacterial inoculation.
Natural products modulate Shigella-host-cell interaction
Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2011
This study focused on identifying possible new options derived from natural sources for the treatment of bacterial infections. Several natural products were investigated for their potential in modulating Shigella-host-cell interactions. The proliferation of Shigella sonnei was effectively inhibited inside HEp-2 cells in the presence of 4-methoxycinnamic acid and propolin D. Propolin D also significantly reduced the apoptosis of infected macrophage-like U937 cells and moderately reduced the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-18, which probably resulted from the inhibition of invasion plasmid antigen B secretion by this compound. Further characterization showed that propolin D did not prevent escape of Shigella from phagocytic vacuoles, as evidenced by actin-based motility and by the fact that addition of chloroquine did not further reduce the number of intracellular c.f.u. The role of propolin D in modulating autophagy could not be established under the experimental conditions used. As these compounds had no direct anti-Shigella activity in vitro, it was concluded that these compounds modulated Shigella-host-cell interactions by targeting yet-to-be defined mechanisms that provide benefits to host cells.
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018
Antibiotic resistance is a major concern in Clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Reduced susceptibility to first-and second-line agents is widespread, therefore various attempts have been made to seek alternative preventive and therapeutic strategies against this pathogen. In this work, the antimicrobial properties of asiatic acid were evaluated against C. difficile. Asiatic acid displayed substantial inhibitory effects on 19 C. difficile isolates collected from different sources with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 µg/ml. Time kill analysis and minimal bactericidal concentration revealed potential bactericidal activity of this compound. Asiatic acid induced membrane damages and alterations in morphological ultrastructure in C. difficile, thereby causing the leakage of intracellular substances. Moreover, asiatic acid also displayed an inhibitory effect on cell motility, but did not interfere with biofilm formation and spore germination. Analysis of drug combination showed no synergistic effect between asiatic acid and vancomycin/metronidazole. Altogether, asiatic acid exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against vegetative cells and could serve as an alternative resource for tackling C. difficile.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2021
Shigella spp. is well known for shigellosis in humans. Growing resistance pattern of Shigella spp. to different antibiotics is increasing global public health concerns. This study has been conducted to evaluate the antibiotics sensitivity of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri, the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of black tea (BT) and green tea (GT), and the docking study was performed using 28 phytochemicals from Camellia sinensis with Shigella effector protein kinase OspG (4BVU) as well as in silico drug-likeness and ADME properties were also studied. Both S. sonnei and S. flexneri exhibited diverse antibiotics resistance patterns. Interestingly, methanol extract of GT showed higher antibacterial activity than BT extract against both bacteria. In addition, the docking study exposed 50% phytocompounds from Camellia sinensis which have strong inhibitory activity against 4BVU compared to control ciprofloxacin with binding energy of more than-7.40 kcal/mol. The highest binding affinity-9.70 kcal/mol was found by theaflavin with 21 interacting amino acid residues from 4BVU. However, drug-likeness and ADME properties showed Lipinski's violation of our top binding ligand theaflavin, whereas 2 nd and 3 rd highest binding compounds theaflavic acid and theaflagallin showed violation with one parameter in H-bond donor. Therefore, present observation suggests Camellia sinensis may have the inhibitory activity against S. sonnei and
2018
Centella asiatica is known for its antibacterial property from time immemorial. A comparative study on the action of its crude extract on Shigella dysenteriae and Bacillus coagulans was performed to see the difference of its effects on the two bacteria. As one of them is a pathogen and the other one is useful for human hosts. The study revealed that 1 mg of the extract dissolved in 1ml 4% DMSO inhibits Shigella. dysenteriae with zone of inhibition of 12±1 mm but could not act on Bacillus coagulans in same concentration. However, known antibiotics act on both the organisms. The action of acetone, chloroform and methanol extracts of Centella asiatica on Shigella dysenteriae did not vary significantly. The GC-MS analysis of the methanol extracts with peaks > 90% similarity index with NIST library revealed bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene,4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene; caryophyllene; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester; 1h-3a,7-methanoazulene, octahydro-1,4,9,9-tetramet...
Effect of combination therapy between thyme oil and ciprofloxacin on ulcer-forming Shigella flexneri
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2015
Introduction: Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative bacteria that has the ability to invade the epithelium of the colon and cause colon ulcers. Methodology: The ability of isolated Shigella flexneri from bloody diarrhea to cause colon ulcers was investigated by histopathological examination via oral administration of the bacteria to adult male albino Sprague-Dawley rats. The antibacterial activity of thyme oil, ciprofloxacin, and their combination were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results: Oral administration of 12 × 108 CFU/mL of S. flexneri was able to cause colon ulcers. Thyme oil had the highest antibacterial activity among other investigated oils (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 150 µL/L). Ciprofloxacin had the highest antimicrobial activity against S. flexneri (MIC 0.4 mg/L). The synergism between thyme oil and ciprofloxacin showed the maximum growth inhibition of S. flexneri. The synergistic activity of thyme oil and ciprofloxacin succeeded in healing the epithelial ...