Modeling codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) phenology and predicting egg hatch in apple orchards of the Maule Region, Chile (original) (raw)
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—Traps baited with either ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) or (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) (Pherocon ® CM-DA™ and Megalure CM™ lures, respectively) were used to develop action thresholds for codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.; Rosaceae) orchards treated with sex pheromones for control of this pest. Studies were conducted in 102 orchards treated with 500–1000 ISOMATE ®-C PLUS dispensers per hectare during 2000–2002. Pairs of traps were placed within two 1.0-ha plots within each orchard. Fruit injury was assessed at mid-season and prior to harvest in each plot. The numbers of female and total moths caught in pear ester-baited traps and male moths caught in codlemone-baited traps were used to develop action thresholds. Thresholds were based on the minimum cumulative number of moths per trap in ≥95% of traps in unsprayed plots with no fruit injury. Specific thresholds were established for the first insecticide spray targeting the start of egg hatch and for the first and second moth flights. The proportion of plots with mid-season fruit injury that had cumulative moth catches below the action threshold at first spray and at second moth flight was determined using the established action threshold and thresholds reduced incrementally to ≥1 moth per trap. Moth catches below the threshold at first spray were less common in plots with high levels of fruit injury (>0.3%) than in plots with low levels of fruit injury and more common with codlemone-baited traps than with pear ester-baited traps. An action threshold of ≥1 moth in a pear ester-baited trap at first spray eliminated the error in predicting fruit injury in plots at mid-season. Conversely, a high proportion of traps baited with either lure failed to predict low levels of fruit injury at harvest in unsprayed plots regardless of the cumulative moth threshold used during the second moth flight. Résumé—Des pièges appâtés à l'éthyl (E,Z)-2,4-décadiénoate (ester de poire; Pheroconz CM-DA{) ou au (E,E)-8,10-dodécadiènol (codlemone; Megalure CM{) ont servi à déterminer des seuils d'action pour la carpocapse de la pomme, Cydia pomonella (L.), dans des pommeraies à Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae) traitées aux phéromones sexuelles pour la lutte contre ce ra-vageur. Les études ont été menées dans 102 vergers traités avec 500–1000 distributeurs ISOMATEz-C PLUS par hectare en 2000–2002. Nous avons placé des paires de pièges dans deux parcelles de 1,0 ha dans chaque verger. Nous avons évalué le dommage aux fruits à la mi-saison et juste avant la récolte dans chaque parcelle. Les nombres de papillons femelles et de pa-pillons totaux dans les pièges appâtés d'ester de poire et de papillons mâles dans les pièges appâ-tés de codlemone ont servi à déterminer les seuils d'action. Nous avons choisi les seuils d'après le nombre cumulatif minimum de papillons récoltés par piège dans > 95 % des pièges dans les parcelles non traitées sans dommage aux fruits. Nous avons développé des seuils pour le premier arrosage d'insecticide qui cible le début de l'éclosion des oeufs et pour le premier et le second envol des papillons. Dans les parcelles présentant des dommages aux fruits en mi-saison, nous avons déterminé la proportion de pièges ayant des récoltes cumulatives sous le seuil d'action lors du premier arrosage et lors du second envol à l'aide du seuil d'action établi et à l'aide de seuils réduits de façon graduelle à $ 1 papillon par piège. Les récoltes de papillons sous le seuil lors du
Environmental Entomology, 2006
Whether sticky traps baited with ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) can be used to accurately assess the mating status of female codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., was evaluated in a series of tests. The proportion female moths caught in these traps that were virgin was compared with catches using interception and light traps in two separate studies. The mean proportion of virgin female codling moths caught in pear esterÐ baited traps was signiÞcantly lower than caught with either interception or light traps. Results were similar in both untreated and sex pheromoneÐtreated orchards. Cohorts of virgin and mated female codling moths were ßown separately to a pear esterÐ baited trap placed overnight in a ßight tunnel. The recapture rate of virgin moths was signiÞcantly lower than for mated moths. The relation of the mean proportion of females mated versus the density of female moths caught in pear esterÐ baited traps over the entire season was examined by grouping data from 180 traps into eight density classes from 1 to Ͼ20 female moths per trap per season. A signiÞcantly higher mean proportion of virgin females were caught in the lowest density class (one moth per trap) than in all other classes. Traps catching two female moths per season had a signiÞcantly higher proportion of virgin moths than traps catching 4 Ð5, 9 Ð15, and 16 Ð20 moths. No signiÞcant differences in the proportion of virgin moths occurred among traps grouped into classes from 3 to Ͼ20 female moths caught per season. These data are consistent with action thresholds previously established for cumulative catch of female moths in pear esterÐ baited traps (at least one moth) and support the use of this kairomone to assess the potential efÞcacy of sex pheromone programs.
Ciencia e investigación agraria, 2013
W. Barros-Parada, A.L. Knight, E. Basoalto, and E. Fuentes-Contreras. 2013. An evaluation of orange and clear traps with pear ester to monitor codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(2):307-315. Studies were conducted to evaluate the use of several trap-lure combinations to improve the monitoring of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple, Malus domestica Bordk. The treatments involved the use of clear, orange, and white traps baited with one or more of the following attractants: the major sex pheromone component of the codling moth, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone, PH); a primary volatile constituent of ripe pear, ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester, PE); and acetic acid (AA). The studies were conducted in an orchard treated with sex pheromone dispensers in Washington State (USA) and in four untreated orchards in the Maule Region (Chile). In Washington State, the PE+AA lures caught more females than the PE+PH lure in both the clear and orange traps. The clear traps caught more female moths than the orange traps when each trap was baited with the PE+PH lure. The two lures caught similar total numbers of moths across trap colors. The clear traps baited with PE+PH caught significantly more total moths than the orange traps baited with PE+AA. In Chile, the clear traps baited with PE+AA caught more females than the orange traps baited with PE+PH over both moth flights during two field seasons. The white traps baited with PH and the orange traps baited with PE+PH caught similar total numbers of moths in three of the four flight periods. The clear trap baited with PE+AA caught significantly fewer moths than the two treatments that included a PH lure in two of the four flight periods. These data suggest that the adoption of clear delta traps with PE+AA lures would allow growers to better track the seasonal population dynamics of female codling moths.
Environmental Entomology, 2010
The performance of clear delta traps baited with 3.0 mg of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, and 5.0 ml of acetic acid in separate lures was compared with orange delta traps baited with a single lure containing 3.0 mg of both pear ester and the sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen). Residual analyses and Þeld tests demonstrated that both the pear ester and acetic acid lures were effective for at least 8 wk. The two trap-lure combinations caught a similar number of total moths in an orchard treated with sex pheromone dispensers during short-term trials in 2008. However, the mean catch of female moths was signiÞcantly higher and male moths signiÞcantly lower in clear traps baited with pear ester and acetic acid versus orange traps baited with pear ester and codlemone. Season-long studies were conducted with these two trap-lure combinations in orchards treated with (n ϭ 6) and without (n ϭ 7) sex pheromone dispensers during 2009. The two trap-lure combinations caught similar numbers of moths in dispenser-treated orchards. In contrast, total catch was signiÞcantly higher (Ͼ2-fold) in the orange compared with the clear traps in untreated orchards. The clear caught Ͼ6-fold more females than the orange trap in both types of orchards. These studies suggest that deploying clear delta traps baited with pear ester and acetic acid can be an effective monitoring tool for female codling moth and an alternative to codlemone-baited traps in sex pheromone-treated orchards.
Environmental Entomology, 2012
Polyvinyl chloride polymer (PVC) dispensers loaded with ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) plus the sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were compared with PVC dispensers and a commercial dispenser (Isomate-C Plus) loaded with codlemone. Evaluations were conducted in replicated plots (0.1Ð 0.2 ha) in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen) during both generations of codling moth from 2007 to 2009. Dispensers were applied at 1,000 ha Ϫ1. Male captures in traps baited with virgin female moths and codlemone lures were recorded. Residual analysis of Þeld-aged dispensers over both moth generations was conducted. Dispensers exhibited linear declines in release rates of both attractants, and pear ester was released at a signiÞcantly higher rate than codlemone during both time periods. The proportion of virgin female-baited traps catching males was signiÞcantly lower with combo dispenser TRE24 (45/110, mg codlemone/mg pear ester) during the second generation in 2007 and the combo dispensers TRE144 (45/75) and TRE145 (75/45) during the Þrst generation in 2008 compared with Isomate-C Plus. Similarly, male catches in female-baited traps in plots treated with the combo dispensers TRE144 during the Þrst generation in 2008 and TRE23 (75/110) during the second generation, in 2007 were signiÞcantly lower than in plots treated with Isomate-C Plus. No signiÞcant differences were found for male catches in codlemone-baited traps in plots treated with Isomate-C Plus and any of the combo dispensers. However, male catches were signiÞcantly lower in plots treated with Cidetrak CM (codlemone-only dispenser) than the combo TRE144 dispenser during both generations in 2009.
Journal of Applied Entomology, 2016
Previous studies have shown that the addition of an acetic acid colure (AA) to traps baited with pear ester, (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl-decadienoate, and codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, the sex pheromone (PH) of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), (Combo lure) can significantly increase moth catches. A commercial AA colure was developed to be used with the Combo lure using a specialized cardboard lure holder. However, research in 2011 suggested that the addition of the AA colure placed in the holder was reducing moth catches. Studies were subsequently conducted in both North America and South America to examine the factors affecting these unexpected results. Hanging the AA colure from the inside top of the delta trap was found to be a primary factor reducing moth catches of male but not female codling moth. Significantly, more males were caught if the AA colure was placed on the sticky liner of the trap than in the holder. Laboratory and field studies found that this negative effect on moth catches lessens over time with aged AA colures that had lower emission rates. The position of the holder in the trap (upwind or downwind) relative to the direction where moths approached was not a significant factor affecting moth catch with the AA colure. However, the spacing of the lures on the holder was an important factor with significantly higher male catches with lures 5.5 cm apart and the AA lure above the Combo lure than with lures 1.5 cm apart and the Combo lure above the AA lure. Similarly, pinning the Combo lure to the roof of the trap was more effective than the use of the holder with the AA lure on the liner. Standardization of lure placement will be important to fully utilize the use of bisexual, multilure monitoring systems for codling moth and likely for other pests.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2019
The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, is an invasive pest in Europe causing damage on Buxus species. In this study, we aimed to develop a "bisexual" lure to attract both female and male moths. Based on a previous screening bioassay we tested methyl salicylate, phenylacetaldehyde and eugenol as potential attractants in different combinations. The trapping results showed that both binary and ternary blends attracted male and female moths. Catches with these blends were comparable to catches with the synthetic pheromone. Subsequently we carried out single sensillum recordings, which proved the peripheral detection of the abovementioned compounds on male and female antennae. To identify synergistic flower volatiles, which can be also attractive and can increase the trap capture, we collected flower headspace volatiles from 12 different flowering plant species. Several components of the floral scents evoked good responses from antennae of both females and males in gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection. The most active components were tentatively identified by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry as benzaldehyde, cis-ß-ocimene, (±)-linalool and phenethyl alcohol. These selected compounds in combination did not increase significantly the trap capture compared to the methyl salicylate-phenyacetaldehyde blend. Based on these results we discovered the first attractive blend, which was able to attract both adult male and female C. perspectalis in field conditions. These results will yield a good basis for the optimization and development of a practically usable bisexual lure against this invasive pest.
Journal of Applied Entomology, 2015
Studies were conducted in Chile and the United States to compare the attractiveness of various commercial sex pheromone lures and two experimental lures for oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in peach orchards treated with or without sex pheromone dispensers. The experimental lures contained the three-component sex pheromone blend of G. molesta: Z-8-dodecenyl acetate, E-8-dodecenyl acetate and Z-8-dodecenol (Z8-12:OH), and the sex pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, (codlemone). Commercial lures varied in their substrate, initial loading and blend ratio of components. Significant differences in male catches were found among commercial lures in orchards treated with or without sex pheromone dispensers. Experimental lures with the addition of codlemone significantly increased the catches of G. molesta using lures loaded with 0%, 1% or 5% Z8-12:OH in the G. molesta blend compared with the same ratio of components in just the G. molesta blend. The experimental lures were significantly more attractive than all commercial lures in the untreated orchard. However, moth catch with the experimental lures in the sex pheromone-treated orchard was only intermediate among all of the lures tested. These findings highlight the need to develop more effective and standardized lures that can be used in trap-based monitoring programme for this important pest.
Journal of Applied Entomology, 2021
Seventeen trials were conducted using traps baited with kairomone‐based lures to evaluate female removal (FR) as an effective management tactic for codling moth, Cydia pomonella, L., in organic pear, Pyrus communis L., production in Italy and USA during 2019–2020. Studies included paired plots (0.4–1.4 ha) treated with or without 60 traps ha−1 in cultivars Bartlett and Abate Fétel. Paired plots were also treated together with or without mating disruption (MD) and with similar spray programmes. Three‐, four‐, and five‐component lures were used with several trap types: green, clear or green/white bucket traps and orange delta traps. The three‐component lure consisted of (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (sex pheromone, PH), (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (pear ester, PE) and acetic acid (AA); the four‐component lure was PE, (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (DMNT), 6‐ethenyl‐2,2,6‐trimethyloxan‐3‐ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, LOX), and AA, and the five‐component lure had PH added. Preliminary s...
Traps baited with pear ester + acetic acid were capable of monitoring the codling moth although caught fewer specimens than pheromone baited traps. The general flight patterns recorded in pear ester + acetic acid baited traps resembled closely those recorded with pheromone traps. The only aspect in which pear ester + acetic acid baited traps lagged behind was early detection of first moth specimens occurring in the season. The great advantage of traps with pear ester + acetic acid over pheromone traps was that the former caught females in a high percentage. Further studies are needed to determine whether the sex ratio recorded in captures resembles reliably the natural sex ratio of the given population, or it is distorted. It appears that traps baited with pear ester + acetic acid present a useful alternative for monitoring codling moth especially in mating disruption treated orchards where pheromone traps do not work, or in any other situations where for any reason the capture of female codling moths is sought for. The lower efficiency of the pear ester + acetic acid bait can easily be overcome by applying more traps for monitoring at a given site.