Alternative organic wastes as substrates and its impact on growth, proximate chemical and mineral composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae for subsistent animal feed (original) (raw)
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Nyakeri et al., 2017
Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) are currently being promoted as an alternative protein sourcefor animals and organic waste management agents. To play the dual roles sustainably, there is need to reduce reliance on wild BSF and develop an appropriate farming methodology for the insect. This study aimed at improving larvae production in a black soldier fly colony previously established from the wild in Kenya. The study explored the effect of four locally available organic wastes as feedstocks for production the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on faecal sludge (FS), banana peelings (BP), brewer’s waste (BW) and restaurant food waste (FR) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight, total prepupal yield in grams, crude protein and lipid (ether extract) content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and therefore reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. Results showed that BSF larvae fed on FR had significantly higher (P<0.05) total mean yield and average individual weight of 196.9±4.0 g and 0.101±0.002 g, respectively, followed by BW (154.8±6.5 g, 0.078±0.02 g), FS (138.7±5.0 g, 0.070±0.001g) and with BP the lowest (108.9±5.6 g, 0.055±0.002 g). The harvested BSF larvae crude protein was significantly higher for FS and BW at 45.4±0.1% and 43.0±1.0%, respectively. However, ether extract content was variable and dependent on feedstock used with lower values reported for FS and BW (18.1±0.3% and 27.2%, respectively), and highest for food remains prepupa (36%). Dry matter reduction ranged between 50.3-81.8% with corresponding bioconversion and feed conversion rates ranging from 14.9-20.8% and 2.6-4.5, respectively, was achieved for the substrates used. These results indicated the potential of utilising BSF composting in valorisation of the local organic wastes for their bioremediation from the environment. Due to their availability in large quantities and their low cost, these organic wastes can form important feedstock resources for the sustainable production of BSF larvae as a future alternative protein source for both animal feeds at farm level and industrial scale. In conclusion, embracing nutrient recycling through BSF technology by resource-constrained farmers in Kenya will contribute to food security through supply of proteins for production of poultry and fish. Keywords: bioremediation, food remains, banana peels, bioconversion rate, value addition
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
Insect larvae, such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL: Hermetia illucens) are currently being considered as an alternative source of protein for poultry and aquaculture industry while in the same time apply as agent to manage organic wastes. In order to achieve both roles it is necessary to develop an appropriate farming methodology and understand the impact of different feeding source for the insect production. The study explored the effect of three local plant based organic wastes as feedstocks to growth of the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on horse manure (HM), vegetable wastes (VW), and tofu dreg (TD) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight and total prepupal yield in grams content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and ability to reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. The result showed all materials suitable as feeding material for black soldier fly. Difference on physical propertie...
Research Article, 2021
Processing organic waste using black soldier fly (BSF)-based technology offers a promising alternative for sustainable organic waste management and urban sanitation. This study was conducted to assess the influence of feeding strategies on the efficacy of BSF larvae to recycle organic wastes into value products. Fruit waste and chicken manure were used as organic waste samples while commercial chicken feed was used as a control, and were processed for 15 days in circular plastic containers (Ø 30 × 12 cm) with 50; 100; 150; and 200 mg/larva/day continuous and batch feeding diets, using 500 four-day-old larvae per diet, repeated four times. Larval survival rates were not significantly affected by the feeding strategies. However, average larval biomass of 83.69 ± 13.04 g and 82.46 ± 08.52 g was achieved for the continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, under favorable conditions. Larval feed reduction rates ranged from 24.65 ± 03.48% to 72.78 ± 01.48% and 24.52 ± 0.27% to 72.25 ± 12.13% with continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, and were significantly affected by the different daily diets. On the other hand, the bioconversion rates ranged from 13.34 ± 0.26% to 50.82 ± 02.27%, and the highest values were observed with the continuous feeding diets. This study confirms the efficacy of BSF larvae to thrive in different organic substrates and shows that the continuous feeding strategy can be better and enhance a sustainable small-scale organic waste management.
Valorisation of organic waste material growth performance of wild black soldier fly
Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) are currently being promoted as an alternative protein source for animals and organic waste management agents. To play the dual roles sustainably, there is need to reduce reliance on wild BSF and develop an appropriate farming methodology for the insect. This study aimed at improving larvae production in a black soldier fly colony previously established from the wild in Kenya. The study explored the effect of four locally available organic wastes as feedstocks for production the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on faecal sludge (FS), banana peelings (BP), brewer’s waste (BW) and restaurant food waste (FR) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight, total prepupal yield in grams, crude protein and lipid (ether extract) content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and therefore reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. Results showed that BSF larvae fed on FR had significantly higher (P<0.05) total mean yield and average individual weight of 196.9±4.0 g and 0.101±0.002 g, respectively, followed by BW (154.8±6.5 g, 0.078±0.02 g), FS (138.7±5.0 g, 0.070±0.001 g) and with BP the lowest (108.9±5.6 g, 0.055±0.002 g). The harvested BSF larvae crude protein was significantly higher for FS and BW at 45.4±0.1% and 43.0±1.0%, respectively. However, ether extract content was variable and dependent on feedstock used with lower values reported for FS and BW (18.1±0.3% and 27.2%, respectively), and highest for food remains prepupa (36%). Dry matter reduction ranged between 50.3-81.8% with corresponding bioconversion and feed conversion rates ranging from 14.9-20.8% and 2.6-4.5, respectively, was achieved for the substrates used. These results indicated the potential of utilising BSF composting in valorisation of the local organic wastes for their bioremediation from the environment. Due to their availability in large quantities and their low cost, these organic wastes can form important feedstock resources for the sustainable production of BSF larvae as a future alternative protein source for both animal feeds at farm level and industrial scale. In conclusion, embracing nutrient recycling through BSF technology by resource constrained farmers in Kenya will contribute to food security through supply of proteins for production of poultry and fish. Keywords: bioremediation, food remains, banana peels, bioconversion rate, value addition.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 2023
Due to the unavailability and rising market price of fishmeal and soybean meal, insect larvae, such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL: Hermetia illucens), are currently being investigated as an alternate source of protein for swine and poultry. The productivity and nutritional value of BSFL were examined in this study together with the effects of various waste substrates. There were two experimental containers for every treatment and were replicated three times and laid out using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). A total of twenty-four (24) plastic containers (12 x 8.5 x 3 inches) were used which per container contained 100 grams/1000 of 4 days old BSF larvae. The results showed that BSF larvae fed with T2-Fruit remains and T3-Vegetable scraps yielded the highest production of 1230-1312 grams and an early maturation period of 18-19 days. Both T2-Fruit remains and T3-Vegetable scraps have the highest nutritional value of around 43% to 47% of crude protein content, respectively as compared to the rest of the treatments. The nutritional profile of BSF larvae fed fruit and vegetable waste suggests that it may be used as a less expensive and more sustainable source of protein for pigs and poultry.
Journal of Science and Technology Research (JSciTR), 2024
Nutritionists are beginning to pay attention to black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) as an alternative to expensive soybean and fish meal in animal feed which is abundant in different nutrients. Additionally, organic wastes including leftover food, animal excreta, and agricultural wastes, can be used to efficiently raise and spread BSFL. This study was carried out to evaluate the yield, production performance and proximate composition of BSFL nurtured on different organic waste namely, broiler starter feed (BF); rice bran (RB); market-sourced vegetable wastes (VW); chicken manure (CM) and kitchen waste (KW). The BF fed group had the highest observed larval yields (16.2 kg in total; P<0.05). Raising BSFL on BF, VW and KW resulted in the greatest body weight (0.149, 0.147 and 0.150 g, respectively) and growth rate (0.012 g), whereas the KW fed group had the longest body length (P<0.05). The fed groups that received CM and BF had the highest and lowest mortality rates, respectively (P<0.05). All fed groups except RB had improved feed conversion ratios, while VW and KW fed groups had higher protein conversion ratios (2.626 and 2.852, respectively; P<0.05). All the group had better substrate reduction rate compared to CM fed group (P<0.05). The dry matter and ash contents of BSFL reared on BF, VW and KW were higher than the RB and CM group (P<0.05). The KW supplemented BSFL had the highest ether extract level, whereas the BF fed group had the highest protein content (43.58%, P<0.05). In conclusion, BSFL can be successfully reared on kitchen and vegetable scraps. It is anticipated that the cost of black soldier fly farming and animal production will decrease since these organic waste shown favorable effects on BSFL growth performance and nutritional quality comparable to broiler feed in the current study.
PLOS ONE, 2022
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae can convert biowaste and by-products into body mass high in protein (~40% dry matter, DM) and lipid (~30% DM). However, the type of rearing substrate also affects the larval body composition and thus its nutritional value. Hitherto, it remains unclear how and to what extent the larval body composition can be altered by the substrate. This study was therefore performed to examine the possibilities of modifying larval body composition using different rearing substrates. To investigate this, 5-days old larvae were reared for seven days on different locally available waste and by-products: brewer's spent grain, mitigation mussels (Mytilus edulis), rapeseed cake, and shrimp waste meal (Pandalus borealis). Larval composition and performance were compared to larvae reared on a commercial chicken feed as well as a mixed feed (mixture of chicken feed and by-products, with a similar macronutrient composition to chicken feed). Larval body weight was recorded daily to determine growth over time whereas larvae and substrates were sampled at the start and end of the trial and analysed for their nutritional composition. The type of rearing substrate affected both larval body composition and growth performance. There was a clear relation between the nutritional composition of the substrate and larvae for certain fatty acids. Larvae reared on marine-based waste substrates contained a higher share of omega-3 fatty acids than larvae reared on the other substrates, indicating an accumulation of omega-3 fatty acids from the substrate. There was a strong positive linear correlation between the ash content in the substrate and larvae whereas larval lipid, protein, amino acid, and chitin content seemed more affected by larval development. Overall, this study showed that the rearing substrate affects larval composition and development, and that larval composition of certain nutrients can be tailored depending on further food and feed applications.
A Review of Organic Waste Treatment Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)
Sustainability
The increase in solid waste generation is caused primarily by the global population growth that resulted in urban sprawl, economic development, and consumerism. Poor waste management has adverse impacts on the environment and human health. The recent years have seen increasing interest in using black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, as an organic waste converter. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) feed voraciously on various types of organic waste, including food wastes, agro-industrial by-products, and chicken and dairy manure, and reduce the initial weight of the organic waste by about 50% in a shorter period than conventional composting. The main components of the BSFL system are the larvero, where the larvae feed and grow, and the fly house, where the adults BSF live and reproduce. It is essential to have a rearing facility that maintains the healthy adult and larval BSF to provide a sufficient and continuous supply of offspring for organic waste treatment. The BSF organic was...
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2019
Valorisation of organic waste through larval feeding activity of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, constitutes a potential benefit for low-and middle-income countries. BSF larvae feed on organic waste while building their body composition of protein and fat. As a response to the escalating demand for protein in livestock feed, their protein can be used to replace fishmeal in monogastric animals' diet. Experiments were carry out to evaluate the feasibility of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens Linnaeus larvae to digest and degrade organic waste in a small-scale. Organic wastes (pig and chicken manures and kitchen wastes) were introduced in basins with 2000 young larvae (3-5 day-old) per basin for 15 days in batch and continuous feeding. We achieved an average pre-pupae production 830.1 and 694.0 g/m 2 (wet weight) under favourable conditions respectively in continuous and in batch feedings. Larvae fed every three days with waste materials developed into significantly larger larvae and pre-pupae than those fed at once. Waste reduction ranged from 53 to 80% depending on the daily amount of waste added to the experimental unit. The bioconversion rates were 12.8%, 10.7% and 6.5% respectively for chicken manure, pig manure and kitchen at the feeding ratio of 220 mg/day/larvae in continuous feeding. This study confirmed the great potential of BSF as a component of waste management in low and middle-income countries. If applied in organic waste management chain, the process could contribute to generate biofuel energy as well as sustainable protein provision to the animal industries. It could further reduce waste amounts significantly, minimizing possible pollution and improving environmental sanitation.
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology, ICONISTECH 2019, 11-12 July 2019, Bandung, Indonesia, 2020
Food waste is potential organic waste as growing media for supporting black soldier fly larval growth. It is rich in nutrients containing carbohydrates, protein and fat. A black soldier fly larva is an insect that has the ability to convert various types of organic waste into biomass that valuable as animal feed. Bioconversion process by larvae can be used as an alternative technology for organic waste management that environmentally friendly and low cost. This study aimed to determine the ability of black soldier larvae in converting organic waste based on larval growth rate, larval mortality rate, waste reduction index (WRI) and digestible feed efficiency (ECD). The research method was carried out on 3-day-old larvae fed with food waste (fruits waste and restaurant waste) with variations in feeding rate : 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/larva/day (wb). All treatment was replicated five times and all samples were measured in dry weight (mg). The results showed that the treatment of restaurant waste 150 mg/larva/day (wb) is the highest larval final weight of 87.55 mg (db), the fastest growth time for 28 days with the lowest mortality rate of 3.99 %, and the highest ECD (21.02%).