Some biomedical applications of chitosan-based hybrid nanomaterials (original) (raw)
Chitin and Chitosan: Production and Application of Versatile Biomedical Nanomaterials.
Chitin is the most abundant aminopolysaccharide polymer occurring in nature, and is the building material that gives strength to the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and the cell walls of fungi. Through enzymatic or chemical deacetylation, chitin can be converted to its most well-known derivative, chitosan. The main natural sources of chitin are shrimp and crab shells, which are an abundant byproduct of the food-processing industry, that provides large quantities of this biopolymer to be used in biomedical applications. In living chitin-synthesizing organisms, the synthesis and degradation of chitin require strict enzymatic control to maintain homeostasis. Chitin synthase, the pivotal enzyme in the chitin synthesis pathway, uses UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), produce the chitin polymer, whereas, chitinase enzymes degrade chitin. Bacteria are considered as the major mediators of chitin degradation in nature. Chitin and chitosan, owing to their unique biochemical properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, ability to form films, etc, have found many promising biomedical applications. Nanotechnology has also increasingly applied chitin and chitosan-based materials in its most recent achievements. Chitin and chitosan have been widely employed to fabricate polymer scaffolds. Moreover, the use of chitosan to produce designed-nanocarriers and to enable microencapsulation techniques is under increasing investigation for the delivery of drugs, biologics and vaccines. Each application is likely to require uniquely designed chitosan-based nano/micro-particles with specific dimensions and cargo-release characteristics. The ability to reproducibly manufacture chitosan nano/microparticles that can encapsulate protein cargos with high loading efficiencies remains a challenge. Chitosan can be successfully used in solution, as hydrogels and/or nano/microparticles, and (with different degrees of deacetylation) an endless array of derivatives with customized biochemical properties can be prepared. As a result, chitosan is one of the most well-studied biomaterials. The purpose of this review is to survey the biosynthesis and isolation, and summarize nanotechnology applications of chitin and chitosan ranging from tissue engineering, wound dressings, antimicrobial agents, antiaging cosmetics, and vaccine adjuvants.
Chitosan-Based (Nano)Materials for Novel Biomedical Applications
Molecules, 2019
Chitosan-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in the biomedical field because of their unique biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and antimicrobial nature. Multiple perspectives of the proposed antibacterial effect and mode of action of chitosan-based nanomaterials are reviewed. Chitosan is presented as an ideal biomaterial for antimicrobial wound dressings that can either be fabricated alone in its native form or upgraded and incorporated with antibiotics, metallic antimicrobial particles, natural compounds and extracts in order to increase the antimicrobial effect. Since chitosan and its derivatives can enhance drug permeability across the blood-brain barrier, they can be also used as effective brain drug delivery carriers. Some of the recent chitosan formulations for brain uptake of various drugs are presented. The use of chitosan and its derivatives in other biomedical applications is also briefly discussed.
This manuscript briefly reviews the extensive research as well as new developments on chitosan based nanomaterials for various applications. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer having immense structural possibilities for chemical and mechanical modification to generate novel properties and functions in different fields especially in the biomedical field. Over the last era, research in functional biomaterials such as chitosan has led to the development of new drug delivery system and superior regenerative medicine, currently one of the most quickly growing fields in the area of health science. Chitosan is known as a biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxic properties. These properties clearly point out that chitosan has greater potential for future development in different fields of science namely drug delivery, gene delivery, cell imaging, sensors and also in the treatment as well as diagnosis of some diseases like cancer. Chitosan based nanomaterials have superior physical and chemical properties such as high surface area, porosity, tensile strength, conductivity, photo-luminescent as well as increased mechanical properties as comparison to pure chitosan. This review highlights the recent research on different aspect of chitosan based nanomaterials, including their preparation and application.
Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications
Materials
Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer that has been extensively explored in recent decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved chitosan for wound treatment and nutritional use. Furthermore, chitosan has paved the way for advancements in different biomedical applications including as a nanocarrier and tissue-engineering scaffold. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, and haemostatic properties make it an excellent option for wound dressings. Because of its hydrophilic nature, chitosan is an ideal starting material for biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels. To suit specific application demands, chitosan can be combined with fillers, such as hydroxyapatite, to modify the mechanical characteristics of pH-sensitive hydrogels. Furthermore, the cationic characteristics of chitosan have made it a popular choice for gene delivery and cancer therapy. Thus, the use of chitosan nanoparticles in developing novel drug delivery systems has received special attentio...
Chitosan-based nanomaterials: A state-of-the-art review
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2013
This manuscript briefly reviews the extensive research as well as new developments on chitosan based nanomaterials for various applications. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer having immense structural possibilities for chemical and mechanical modification to generate novel properties and functions in different fields especially in the biomedical field. Over the last era, research in functional biomaterials such as chitosan has led to the development of new drug delivery system and superior regenerative medicine, currently one of the most quickly growing fields in the area of health science. Chitosan is known as a biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxic properties. These properties clearly point out that chitosan has greater potential for future development in different fields of science namely drug delivery, gene delivery, cell imaging, sensors and also in the treatment as well as diagnosis of some diseases like cancer. Chitosan based nanomaterials have superior physical and chemical properties such as high surface area, porosity, tensile strength, conductivity, photo-luminescent as well as increased mechanical properties as comparison to pure chitosan. This review highlights the recent research on different aspect of chitosan based nanomaterials, including their preparation and application.
The Chemistry of Chitin and Chitosan Justifying their Nanomedical Utilities
Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access, 2018
Chitin and chitosan are among the most commonly used natural polymers in nanomedicine because they display very attractive characteristics for drug delivery and have proven very effective when formulated in nanoparticle forms. Properties such as the cationic character and the solubility of chitosan in aqueous medium have been reported as determinants of the success of this polysaccharide. However, its most attractive property relies on its ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces, leading to prolonged residence time at drug absorption sites and enabling higher drug permeation. This is because chitin and chitosan are able to interact with anionic agents and form water-soluble barriers which participate in drug release. The wide nanomedical applications of chitin and chitosan are due not only to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, ordourless nature and economic efficiency but also due to their distinct chemical structure with high percentage of primary amino groups and acetamido groups in chitosan and chitin respectively, for easy binding to bio-molecules such as DNAs and proteins. This review highlights the properties and modifications of chitin and chitosan which are responsible for the wide range of applications of these materials, particularly in nanomedicine for drug delivery and gene therapy, thereby encouraging more research into the exploration of their properties and modifications for improved applications.
Chitosan-based nanoparticles: An overview of biomedical applications and its preparation
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2019
Chitosan (CS) is one of the most successfully developed biodegradable polymers. Among the numerous polymers developed to formulate polymeric nanoparticles, CS has fascinated considerable attention due to its appealing properties: (i) biodegradability and biocompatibility, (ii) FDA approval for wound dressings as well as in dietary application, (iii) non-toxicity (v) scope of sustained release, (vi) probability to modify surface properties and (vii) scope of target nanoparticles (NPs) to particular organs or cells. This review presents different preparation methods of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) from the methodological and mechanistic point of view. The crosslinking agent including aldehyde, tripolyphosphate (TPP), genipin and other cross linkers and the physicochemical behaviour of CSNPs including drug loading, drug release, particles size, zeta-potential and stability are briefly discussed. This review also presents why CS has been chosen to design nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems in various pharmaceutical applications.
Nanostructured Chitosan Hybrid Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications
Chitosan Nanocomposites. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering., 2023
Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, is derived from chitin, and has unique antimicrobial activity, along with biodegradability, and biocompatibility. On chemical modification chitosan develops additional functional properties that are utilized in fabrication of a variety of biomaterials for biomedical applications, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering etc. In recent times there is an enormous development in the synthesis of chitosan-containing scaffolds, in form of gel, sponge, particle, film, fiber, and net. The possible applications of such scaffolds as a component for drug delivery applications, particularly in tissue repair and regeneration are getting prominence. The long-term therapeutic use, drug release for tissue fixation together with regeneration makes the chitosan hybrid materials more fascinating for future research. The present chapter highlights systematic findings in regard to the fabrication and utility of nanostructured chitosan-containing scaffolds in various biomedical applications emphasizing on the tissue engineering.KeywordsChitosanNanostructured bio-scaffoldsBiomedical applicationTissue engineering
Chitin and Chitosan: Sustainable, Medically Relevant Biomaterials
International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries, 2017
The polysaccharides chitin and chitosan are made up of monomer units of the amino sugars D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The ratio of these two monomers dictates whether the polysaccharide is considered chitin or chitosan. Both polymers have unique properties and have uses in several diverse applications. In nature, chitin and chitosan primarily play a structural role. When purified from their producing organism, these polymers exhibit useful structural, chemical and biological properties. Chitin and chitosan have been used in several applications including biomedicine, food additives, cosmetics, and more. The charged chitosan polymer is especially effective in biomedical applications, as it has been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial properties. This review explores the properties of chitin and chitosan and how these biopolymers are used in a variety of healthcare and other applications.
Nanomaterials
Chitosan is a fibrous compound derived from chitin, which is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide and is produced by crustaceans, including crabs, shrimps, and lobsters. Chitosan has all of the important medicinal properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity, and it is relatively nontoxic and cationic in nature. Chitosan nanoparticles are particularly useful due to their small size, providing a large surface-to-volume ratio, and physicochemical properties that may differ from that of their bulk counterparts; thus, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are widely used in biomedical applications and, particularly, as contrast agents for medical imaging and as vehicles for drug and gene delivery into tumors. Because CNPs are formed from a natural biopolymer, they can readily be functionalized with drugs, RNA, DNA, and other molecules to target a desired result in vivo. Furthermore, chitosan is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration...
Novel chitin and chitosan nanofibers in biomedical applications
Biotechnology Advances, 2010
Chitin and its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, are non-toxic, antibacterial, biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers. Due to these properties, they are widely used for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery, wound dressings, separation membranes and antibacterial coatings, stent coatings, and sensors. In the recent years, electrospinning has been found to be a novel technique to produce chitin and chitosan nanofibers. These nanofibers find novel applications in biomedical fields due to their high surface area and porosity. This article reviews the recent reports on the preparation, properties and biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan based nanofibers in detail.
The physicochemical nature of chitin and chitosan, which influences the biomedical activity of these compounds, is strongly related to the source of chitin and the conditions of the chitin/chitosan production process. Apart from widely described key factors such as weight-averaged molecular weight (M W ) and degree of N-acetylation (DA), other physicochemical parameters like polydispersity (M W /M N ), crystallinity or the pattern of acetylation (P A ) have to be taken into consideration. From the biological point of view, these parameters affect a very important factor-the solubility of chitin and chitosan in water and organic solvents. The physicochemical properties of chitosan solutions can be controlled by manipulating solution conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength, concentration, solvent). The degree of substitution of the hydroxyl and the amino groups or the degree of quaternization of the amino groups also influence the mechanical and biological properties of chitosan samples. Finally, a considerable research effort has been directed towards developing safe and efficient chitin/chitosan-based products because many factors, like the size of nanoparticles, can determine the biomedical characteristics of medicinal products. The influence of these factors on the biomedical activity of chitin/chitosan-based products is presented in this report in more detail. OPEN ACCESS Polymers 2011, 3 1876
Biomedical Engineering, Trends in Materials Science, 2011
estimated that 10 10-10 12 tons of chitin are biosynthesized each year (Percot et al., 2003). Unlike chitin, chitosan is produced only by some fungi from the family Mucoraceae (Roberts, 1998). Industrially, chitosan is usually produced by deN -acetylation of chitin. The various industrial sources of chitin (- ,-and-chitin) (Roberts, 1992; Tolaimate et al., 2003; Synowiecki & Al-Khateeb, 2003), as well as the processes and conditions under which this polymer is prepared (
Chitosan: An Update on Potential Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications
Marine Drugs, 2015
Chitosan is a natural polycationic linear polysaccharide derived from chitin. The low solubility of chitosan in neutral and alkaline solution limits its application. Nevertheless, chemical modification into composites or hydrogels brings to it new functional properties for different applications. Chitosans are recognized as versatile biomaterials because of their non-toxicity, low allergenicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review presents the recent research, trends and prospects in chitosan. Some special pharmaceutical and biomedical applications are also highlighted.
Marine Drugs
Chitosan is a marine-origin polysaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, the main component of crustaceans’ exoskeleton, and the second most abundant in nature. Although this biopolymer has received limited attention for several decades right after its discovery, since the new millennium chitosan has emerged owing to its physicochemical, structural and biological properties, multifunctionalities and applications in several sectors. This review aims at providing an overview of chitosan properties, chemical functionalization, and the innovative biomaterials obtained thereof. Firstly, the chemical functionalization of chitosan backbone in the amino and hydroxyl groups will be addressed. Then, the review will focus on the bottom-up strategies to process a wide array of chitosan-based biomaterials. In particular, the preparation of chitosan-based hydrogels, organic–inorganic hybrids, layer-by-layer assemblies, (bio)inks and their use in the biomedical field will be covered a...
Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications
Chitin (CT), the well-known natural biopolymer and chitosan (CS) (bio-based or " artificial polymer ") are non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible in nature. The advantages of these biomaterials are such that, they can be easily processed into different forms such as membranes, sponges, gels, scaffolds, microparticles, nanoparticles and nanofibers for a variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue engineering and wound healing. Present review focuses on the diverse applications of CT and CS membranes and scaffolds for drug delivery, tissue engineering and targeted regenerative medicine. The chitinous scaffolds of marine sponges' origin are discussed here for the first time. These CT based scaffolds obtained from Porifera possess remarkable and unique properties such as hydration, interconnected channels and diverse structural architecture. This review will provide a brief overview of CT and CS membranes and scaffolds toward different kinds of delivery applications such as anticancer drug delivery, osteogenic drug delivery, and growth factor delivery, because of their inimitable release behavior, degradation profile, mucoadhesive nature, etc. The review also provides an overview of the key