Influence Of Physical Activity On Cancer Development, Treatment And Prophylaxis (original) (raw)
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This chapter provides a synopsis of conclusions from existing epidemiologic literature on the association between physical activity and cancer risk and considers potential biological mechanisms underlying observed associations. Understanding the relationships between physical activity and risk of cancer will offer clues to the etiologic underpinnings of cancer development that should have important public health implications. Case–control studies and cohort studies, which provide most of the epidemiological evidence on physical activity and cancer risk, usually rely on widely varying self-reported measures of activity. Ideally, activity levels are represented by type (recreational or occupational), duration, frequency, and intensity of activity. The overall health benefits of participating in regular physical activity are widely documented and include reductions in risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, depression, fatigue, and reduced overall mortality rates. The evidence linking physical activity and cancer risk is quite strong for breast cancer and colon cancer. Evidence that physical activity influences endometrial cancer is increasing. Results are still not confirmed or are conflicting for cancer at other sites. Although it is clear that public health recommendations for appropriate changes in activity levels are needed, we have no exact physical activity prescriptions to give the public. Many questions remain to be answered: What are the ages when physical activity provides its greatest benefit? What types of activity will provide the greatest protection against cancer? What activity patterns (intensity, frequency and/or duration of activity) are optimal? Knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the relationship between physical activity and each cancer type will be important in understanding the etiology of these cancers and in formulating public health recommendations.
Effects of physical activity on cancer prevention
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2011
Results of most epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest an inverse relationship between regular exercise and the risk of certain malignancies, such as intestinal, colon, pancreatic, breast, lung, skin, mammary, endometrial, and prostate cancer. However, physical activity can have different influence on carcinogenesis, depending on energy supply and the age of the subject as well as strength, frequency, and length of exercise. The biochemical and molecular basis of the interaction between aerobic physical activity and tumorigenic processes remains poorly understood. Physical activity may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a different extent. Mild oxidative stress caused by moderate physical activity can activate cellular stress response signaling and potentiate cellular antioxidant defense capacity. However, accumulation of relatively large amounts of ROS as a consequence of exhaustive exercise can either directly damage DNA, causing mutation, or promote tumorigenesis by activating proinflammatory signaling. This review highlights the effects of physical activity on various malignancies in the context of redox status modulated during exercise.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2019
Introduction: The American College of Sports Medicine convened an International Multidisciplinary Roundtable on Exercise and Cancer in March 2018 to evaluate and translate the evidence linking physical activity and cancer prevention, treatment, and control. This paper discusses findings from the Roundtable in relation to the biologic and epidemiologic evidence for the role of physical activity in cancer prevention and survival. Results: The evidence supports that there are a number of biologically plausible mechanisms whereby physical activity can influence cancer risk, and that physical activity is beneficial for the prevention of several types of cancer including breast, colon, endometrial, kidney, bladder, esophageal, and stomach. Minimizing time spent in sedentary behavior may also lower risk of endometrial, colon and lung cancers. Conversely, physical activity is associated with higher risk of melanoma, a serious form of skin cancer. Further, physical activity before and after a cancer diagnosis is also likely to be relevant for improved survival for those diagnosed with breast and colon cancer; with data suggesting that postdiagnosis physical activity provides greater mortality benefits than pre-diagnosis physical activity. Conclusion: Collectively, there is consistent, compelling evidence that physical activity plays a role in preventing many types of cancer and for improving longevity among cancer survivors, although the evidence related to higher risk of melanoma demonstrates the importance of sun safe practices while being physically active. Together, these findings underscore the importance of physical activity in cancer prevention and control. Fitness and public health professionals and healthcare providers worldwide are encouraged to spread the message to the general population and cancer survivors to be physically active as their age, abilities, and cancer status will allow.
Orthopaedics and surgical sports medicine, 2020
What is known about the relationship between physical activity and cancer risk? There is substantial evidence that higher levels of physical activity are linked to lower risks of several cancers [2] Colon Cancer Colon cancer is one of the most extensively studied cancers in relation to physical activity [3]. A 2009 meta-analysis of 52 epidemiologic studies that examined the association between physical activity and colon cancer risk found that the most physically active individuals had a 24% lower risk of colon cancer than those who were the least physically active [4]. A pooled analysis of data on leisure-time physical activity (activities done at an individual's discretion generally to improve or maintain fitness or health) from 12 prospective U.S. and European cohort studies reported a risk reduction of 16%, when comparing individuals who were most active to those where least active [5]. Incidence of both distal colon and proximal colon cancers is lower in people who are more physically active than in those who are less physically active [6, 7]. Physical activity is also associated with a decreased risk of colon adenomas (polyps), a type of colon polyp that may develop into colon cancer [8]. However, it is less clear whether physical activity is associated with lower risks that polyps that have been removed will come back [9-11].
Physical activity and cancer risk: Findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study
Cancer Epidemiology, 2020
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between physical activity and site-specific cancer incidence. Methods: UK Biobank is a prospective population-based cohort study. 364,899 adults (51.6 % females, mean age 56.0 years) were included. The exposure variable was physical activity level derived from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Participants were categorised at 'high' (≥1,500 MET-minutes/week), 'moderate' (≥600 MET-minutes/week) or 'low' levels of activity following standardised IPAQ-SF scoring guidance. Primary outcome measures included incident cancers at 20 sites. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) showing relationships between physical activity and cancer. Results: 21,816 incident cancers were identified. Significant associations were identified between high physical activity levels and lower risk of lung (HR 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.70, 0.94), breast (female only) (HR 0.85, 95 % CI: 0.77, 0.94), hepatobiliary tract (HR 0.72, 95 % CI: 0.53, 0.97), and colon (HR 0.86, 95 % CI: 0.74, 0.99) cancers compared to low physical activity levels. Moderate levels of physical activity were associated with significantly lower risk of oropharyngeal (HR 0.71, 95 % CI: 0.55, 0.93), and lung cancer (HR 0.86, 95 % CI: 0.74, 0.99) compared to low physical activity levels. Sensitivity analyses showed associations of higher physical activity with lower oesophageal and higher prostate cancer incidence. Conclusions: Regular physical activity is significantly associated with reduced risk for lung, breast, hepatobiliary tract, colon and oropharyngeal cancers. Our findings highlight the importance of physical activity promotion, particularly high levels of physical activity, in cancer prevention.
Health Nexus, 2023
Cancer is a leading cause of death globally, accounting for around one in six deaths worldwide. This highlights the need to find effective prevention and recovery strategies. Physical activity, encompassing all bodily movements that consume energy, is significantly linked to cancer risk and survival. 28% of adults are insufficiently active, making physical inactivity the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Approximately one-third of cancer deaths are due to low physical activity and a poor diet. This narrative review explores the relationship between physical activity and cancer prevention, recovery, and recurrence. The findings indicate that adhering to recommended physical activity levels can significantly reduce the risk of various cancers, including breast, endometrial, kidney/renal, colon, rectal, liver, lung, bladder, head and neck cancer, gastric cardia, esophageal adenocarcinoma, myeloma, myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Physical activity aids in cancer recovery by reducing treatment side effects, enhancing physical fitness, mental health, and quality of life, and reducing recurrence risk. It influences cancer progression by controlling genomic instability, metabolic regulation, hormonal balance, and mitochondrial and immune function enhancement. Despite the known benefits, integrating physical activity into cancer care is not widespread due to barriers like pain, fatigue, a lack of motivation, and insufficient information. In conclusion, increasing physical activity across all life domains can markedly reduce cancer's burden and improve well-being. Personalized physical activity goals are recommended for individuals of all ages, including children with cancer. The study also recommends further research into different types of physical activities and their impact on various cancer types This is crucial for developing targeted interventions and comprehensive care strategies to harness the full potential of physical activity in cancer control.
British journal of cancer, 2008
Within a population-based cohort study, 40,708 men aged 45-79 years followed from 1998 to 2004. After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed a strong inverse linear association between total daily physical activity (PA) and death from cancer (n=1153). For each increment of 4 metabolic equivalent (MET)-h day(-1) of total PA (approximately 1 h daily of moderate effort) cancer incidence (n=3714) tended to be decreased by 2% and cancer mortality decreased significantly by 12% (95% confidence interval=6-18%). The 5-year survival after cancer among those men in the top quartile of total PA (77%) was significantly higher compared to the lowest quartile (69%). Compared to those men who hardly ever walked or biked, walking or bicycling an average of 30 min day(-1) was associated with a 34% (18-47%) lower rate of cancer death and with improved cancer survival by 33% (14-47%). Incidence of cancer was 16% (2-28%) lower among those who walked or biked at least 60 min day(-1). Our resul...
Sport Medicine in the Prevention and Management of Cancer
Integrative Cancer Therapies
Physical inactivity is a major concern in cancer patients despite the established preventative and therapeutic effects of regular physical exercise for this patient group. Sport not only plays an important role in supporting the development and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle but also is increasingly used as a health promotion activity in various populations. Nevertheless, the potential of sport as an effective strategy in the prevention and management of cancer has gained little attention. Based on the scant evidence to date, participation of cancer patients in supervised, well-tailored sport programs appears to be safe and feasible and is associated with an array of physical and psychological benefits. We propose that sport participation may serve as an alternative strategy in the prevention of cancer and sport medicine in the management of cancer. As with the traditional exercise modes, benefits derived from sport participation will be dependent on the sport undertak...
Public Health and Toxicology
is a double-blind peer-reviewed open access journal. Its primary focus is to assess the interaction between public health and toxicology, including how population data on disease incidence can suggest possible etiologies and how genetic and epigenetic factors can influence risk for adverse health effects. The journal also focuses on the application of how these concepts provide evidence relevant to the understanding and prevention of morbidity and mortality resulting from environmental exposures to toxic substances.