SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR RAMAN SPECTRA FOR DISEASE DETECTION Review Article (original) (raw)
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Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 2014
The implementation of Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of disease has increased in recent years. The reasons for their increased implementation have often been attributed to their well-known advantages, including the production of narrow spectral bands, which are characteristic of the molecular components present, their non-destructive method of analysis and the sensitivity and specificity which they can confer. This review analyses a range of diseases which can be detected by Raman or SERS, particularly those in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. The sophistication of the investigated systems varied widely but the suitability of Raman and SERS for medical diagnostics and future implementation in a clinical environment is clearly demonstrated.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016
Raman Spectroscopy enables in-depth study into the molecular structure of solid, liquid and gasses from its scattering spectrum. As such, the spectrum could offer a biochemical fingerprint to identify unknown molecules. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) amplifies the weak Raman signal by 10 +3 to 10 +7 times, revolutionary making the method appealing to the research community. SERS has been proven useful for disease detection from a medium such as a cell, serum, urine, plasma, saliva, tears. The spectra displayed are noisy and complicated by the presence of other molecules, besides the targeted one. Moreover, the difference between the infected and controlled samples is far too minute for detection by the naked human eyes. Hence, signal processing techniques are found crucial to single out fingerprint of the target molecule from biological spectra. Our work here examines signal processing techniques attempted on SERS spectra for disease detection, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Logistic Regression Analysis (LRA). It is found that PCA-LDA is the most popular (45%), ensued by PCA-ANN (33%) and SVM (22%). PCA-SVM yields the highest in accuracy (99.9%), followed by PCA-ANN (98%) and LRA (97%). PCA-LDA and SVM score the highest in both sensitivity-specificity.
Waveguiding and SERS Simplified Raman Spectroscopy on Biological Samples
Biosensors
Biomarkers detection at an ultra-low concentration in biofluids (blood, serum, saliva, etc.) is a key point for the early diagnosis success and the development of personalized therapies. However, it remains a challenge due to limiting factors like (i) the complexity of analyzed media, and (ii) the aspecificity detection and the poor sensitivity of the conventional methods. In addition, several applications require the integration of the primary sensors with other devices (microfluidic devices, capillaries, flasks, vials, etc.) where transducing the signal might be difficult, reducing performances and applicability. In the present work, we demonstrate a new class of optical biosensor we have developed integrating an optical waveguide (OWG) with specific plasmonic surfaces. Exploiting the plasmonic resonance, the devices give consistent results in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for continuous and label-free detection of biological compounds. The OWG allows driving optical ...
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Medical Diagnostics
Nanotechnology Characterization Tools for Biosensing and Medical Diagnosis, 2018
Advanced gastric cancer AIBN Azobis(isobutyronitrile) ATE Telomeric repeat complementary oligonucleotide AuFON Gold film-over-nanospheres Aβ Amyloid β BSA Bovine serum albumin Ce6 Chlorin e6 CEA Carcinoembryonic antigen CGM Continuous glucose monitoring CK-MB Creatine kinase MB CPBT 2-Cyano-2-propyl benzodithioate CSF Cerebrospinal fluid cTnI Troponin I cTnT Troponin T CVD Cardiovascular diseases Cy5 Cyanine 5 DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DT Decanethiol DTNB 5,5-Dithiobis(2-dinitrobenzoic acid) DTTC Diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide EBL Electron beam lithography ECG Electrocardiogram EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimide EGA Clarke error grid analysis EGC Early gastric cancer EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay GÀ Gram negative G+ Gram positive GOx Glucose oxidase Definition of the Topic Medical diagnosis requires reliable identification of very low concentration of different biomarkers specific for medical conditions in a time-effective manner. In this chapter, we summarize the work reported on the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection and the identification of different biomarkers in body fluids, tissues, or in vivo. 2 Overview Early disease diagnosis allows for better treatment options and leads to improved patient outcomes. This is because by delaying treatment the disease can also spread to otherwise healthy organs. The consequences of this can vary, depending on the specific medical condition (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cancer, etc.) and on the exact time of diagnosis. One highly promising method for fast and reliable biomarker identification is surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Depending on the particular medical diagnosis requirements, different SERS approaches can be considered. That is because, as it will be discussed in this chapter, many different SERS-active substrates are available, and they can be applied within different schemes. Specifically, functionalized SERS nanoparticles can have a high biocompatibility for in vivo measurements, while different microfluidic approaches can be considered for the analysis of body fluids. The scientific interest for assessing the potential of SERS for medical analysis and diagnosis increased during recent years. This is also demonstrated by the multiple literature reports (scientific papers, communications, reviews, and book chapters) that test and push the limits of using SERS in medicine or report on new SERSactive substrates and platforms that are continuously developed for analyzing trace amount of analytes in body fluids and tissue [1-5]. However, SERS has not yet been established as a routine analytical tool for medical diagnosis. Moreover, clinical trials and development of analytical procedures are still required. The high potential and interest for development in this direction explains the high number of publications still being reported. The current chapter summarizes some of the most promising approaches introduced during the last 5 years. A wide panel of diseases is addressed, and the best-suited SERS-based approaches are discussed for each of the topics introduced.
Developing Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for label-free antigen detection
Journal of biophotonics, 2017
For several decades, a multitude of studies have documented the ability of Raman spectroscopy (RS) to differentiate between tissue types and identify pathological changes to tissues in a range of diseases. Furthermore, spectroscopists have illustrated that the technique is capable of detecting disease-specific alterations to tissue before morphological changes become apparent to the pathologist. This study draws comparisons between the information that is obtainable using RS alongside immunohistochemistry (IHC), since histological examination is the current GOLD standard for diagnosing a wide range of diseases. Here, Raman spectral maps were generated using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colonic tissue sections from healthy patients and spectral signatures from principal components analysis (PCA) were compared with several IHC markers to confirm the validity of their localizations. PCA loadings identified a number of signatures that could be assigned to muscle, DNA and mucin glyc...
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Biosensing: In Vivo Diagnostics and Multimodal Imaging
Analytical chemistry, 2016
This perspective presents recent developments in the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to biosensing, with a focus on in vivo diagnostics. We describe the concepts and methodologies developed to date and the target analytes that can be detected. We also discuss how SERS has evolved from a "point-and-shoot" stand-alone technique in an analytical chemistry laboratory to an integrated quantitative analytical tool for multimodal imaging diagnostics. Finally, we offer a guide to the future of SERS in the context of clinical diagnostics.
Enhancing Disease Diagnosis: Biomedical Applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Applied Sciences
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently gained increasing attention for the detection of trace quantities of biomolecules due to its excellent molecular specificity, ultrasensitivity, and quantitative multiplex ability. Specific single or multiple biomarkers in complex biological environments generate strong and distinct SERS spectral signals when they are in the vicinity of optically active nanoparticles (NPs). When multivariate chemometrics are applied to decipher underlying biomarker patterns, SERS provides qualitative and quantitative information on the inherent biochemical composition and properties that may be indicative of healthy or diseased states. Moreover, SERS allows for differentiation among many closely-related causative agents of diseases exhibiting similar symptoms to guide early prescription of appropriate, targeted and individualised therapeutics. This review provides an overview of recent progress made by the application of SERS in the diagnosis of c...
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for in vitro diagnostic testing at the point of care
Point-of-care (POC) device development is a growing field that aims to develop low-cost, rapid, sensitive in-vitro diagnostic testing platforms that are portable, selfcontained, and can be used anywhere -from modern clinics to remote and low resource areas. In this review, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is discussed as a solution to facilitating the translation of bioanalytical sensing to the POC. The potential for SERS to meet the widely accepted "ASSURED" (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, Userfriendly, Rapid, Equipment-free, and Deliverable) criterion provided by the World Health Organization is discussed based on recent advances in SERS in vitro assay development. As SERS provides attractive characteristics for multiplexed sensing at low concentration limits with a high degree of specificity, it holds great promise for enhancing current efforts in rapid diagnostic testing. In outlining the progression of SERS techniques over the past years combined with recent developments in smart nanomaterials, high-throughput microfluidics, and low-cost paper diagnostics, an extensive number of new possibilities show potential for translating SERS biosensors to the POC.
Photodiagnosis using Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering of bodily fluids
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 2005
Raman spectroscopy is the measure of inelastic scatter and has been described since 1928. It is particularly useful for medical applications because the scattered radiation measured is unique for each biomolecule. The aim of this study was to review works published in Raman scattering and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on bodily fluids. The main Raman studies have concentrated on the detection of metabolites in the aqueous humour, urine and blood-based fluids and on drugs in the latter. Other bodily fluids are also studied, e.g. vitreous humour.
Raman spectroscopy: A powerful technique for biochemical analysis and diagnosis
Spectroscopy, 2008
The present work focuses on the recent applications of Raman spectroscopy (RS) on biochemical analysis and diagnosis of several biological materials with or without pathological alterations. Important published works about Raman spectroscopy and its use for medical applications were critically reviewed, including articles form our group in order to evaluate the state of the art of the subject. The potential for sample characterization with RS associated to the possibility of analysisin situmakes this instrumental technique in a very auspicious tool of biochemical analysis. RS can promote a significant improvement in the chemical identification and characterization of biological systems, clinical diagnosis and prognosis regarding several diseases and quality of life of innumerous patients. The spectroscopic evaluation is based on the analysis of the Raman spectrum regarding the identification of fingerprint bands of main biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins and ...