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Raptor and human ‒ falconry and bird symbolism throughout the millennia on a global scale, Kiel/Hamburg, K.-H. Gersmann‒O. Grimm (eds.), 2018
Falconry, falcon-assisted hunting or hawking all designate a special kind of hunting that is deeply rooted in the past of Arabia, and in the area from Europe to East Asia. Already in the early 1st millennium BCE, hunts of the Neoassyrian court are recorded in the famous royal reliefs, as at Khorsabad (Iraq). The royalty and military hunted as a court activity, which fittingly often took place during military manoeuvres. The hunt developed into a demonstration and confirmation of societal rank and order. The following explains the cultural background of falconry much later, in 1st millennium CE Arabia, not falconry itself. In order to contextualise ancient Arabian falconry, the forthcoming sketches the geography, the meaning of the term 'Arab', a brief history, selected sites often on Arabia's flanks, commerce, nutrition and finally elite groups that interacted in socially elevated hunts. It is intended to illuminate the cultural, political and economic background of falconry at the turning of the ages down to 1000 CE in Arabia. The major event in this millennium is the Islamic conquest of the Middle East and parts of Asia and Europe. Falconry is related to other kinds of hunting such as 'flying hunting', that use cheetahs, ferrets or dogs as well as hunting in general. The development of hunting and falconry from simple hunting to an activity that an elite class practiced, and which included essential court rituals and other activities, is clear. In the 7th century, with the coming of Islam, courtly hunting continued as an avocation for the upper class. By the end of the millennium, the originally ascetic life of Muslim soldier-conquerors gave way to the upper class-activities adopted from those conquered outside of Arabia proper.
• A Copper Anthropomorph with a Harappan Fish sign was found in Sheorajpur, the Gangetic Doab (of Uttar Pradesh). • A remarkable legacy of the civilization occurs in the use of ‘fish‘ sign on a copper anthropomorph found in a copper hoard. This is an apparent link of the ‘fish’ broadly with the profession of ‘metal-work’. The ‘fish’ sign is apparently related to the copper object which seems to depict a ‘fighting ram’ symbolized by its in-curving horns. The ‘fish’ sign may relate to a copper furnace. The underlying imagery defined by the style of the copper casting is the pair of curving horns of a fighting ram ligatured into the outspread legs (of a warrior). A composite copper anthropomorphic figure along with a copper sword was found by Dr. Sanjay Manjul, Director, Institute of Archaeology at the Central Antiquity Section, ASI, Purana Qila in 2005. This composite copper anthropomorph is a solitary example in the copper hoard depicting a Varāha 'boar' head. The Anthropomorph figure, its inscription and animal motif that it bears, illustrate the continuity between the Harappan and Early Historical period. Hieroglyph: mẽḍhā 'curved horn', miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep; mē̃ḍh 'ram' Rebus: Медь [Med'] (Russian, Slavic) 'copper'. meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) मृदु, मृदा--कर 'iron, thunderbolt' मृदु mṛdu 'a kind of iron' मृदु-कार्ष्णायसम्,-कृष्णायसम् soft-iron, lead. Santali glosses. Sa. mE~R~hE~'d `iron'. ! mE~RhE~d(M). Ma. mErhE'd `iron'. Mu. mERE'd `iron'. ~ mE~R~E~'d `iron'. ! mENhEd(M). Ho meD `iron'. Bj. merhd(Hunter) `iron'. KW mENhEd @(V168,M080) http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/ETYM/Pinnow&Munda — Slavic glosses for 'copper' Мед [Med]Bulgarian Bakar Bosnian Медзь [medz']Belarusian Měď Czech Bakar Croatian KòperKashubian Бакар [Bakar]Macedonian Miedź Polish Медь [Med']Russian Meď Slovak BakerSlovenian Бакар [Bakar]Serbian Мідь [mid'] Ukrainian[unquote] http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=Cu Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'. One suggestion is that corruptions from the German "Schmied", "Geschmeide" = jewelry. Schmied, a smith (of tin, gold, silver, or other metal)(German) result in med ‘copper’. ayo meḍh 'metal merchant' ayo mēdhā 'metal expert' PLUS karṇika 'spread legs' rebus: karṇika कर्णिक 'steersman'. barāh, baḍhi 'boar' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel'. eka-shingi 'one-masted' koḍiya ‘young bull’, koṭiya 'dhow', kũdār 'turner, brass-worker'. Daimabad seal. Note: karṇika 'helmsman' is also signified by the hieroglyph: rim-of-jar: kanka, karNika 'rim of jar' rebus 2: karNI 'supercargo' -- a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale. Subhash Kak has suggested alternate readings, see: https://medium.com/@subhashkak1/a-reading-of-the-br%C4%81hm%C4%AB-letters-on-an-anthropomorphic-figure-2a3c505a9acd शं झ ग śam ña ga की म झी थ kī ma jhi tha त ड य ta ḍa ya Figure 1. The copper object and the text together with the reading in Munjal, S.K. and Munjal, A. (2007). Composite anthropomorphic figure from Haryana: a solitary example of copper hoard. Prāgdhārā (Number 17). Anthropomorph found in a foundation of a house in a village called Kheri Gujar in Sonepat District in Haryana. The house itself rests on an ancient mound that has been variously dated to Late Harappan. The object is about 2 kg. and has dimensions of 30×28.5 cm. It is possible that Line 3 is a composition of Indus Script Hieroglyphs (and NOT Brāhmī syllables). Framed on this hypothesis, the message of Line 3 signifies: mū̃h baṭa 'iron ingot', baran, bharat 'mixed copper, zinc, tin alloy metal' and khāṇḍā metalware. Hypertext of Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUSSign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) Sign 211 'arrow' hieroglyph: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Thus ciphertext kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ is rebus hypertext kāṇḍa 'excellent iron', khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. saṁjñāˊ f. ʻ agreement, understanding ʼ ŚBr., ʻ sign ʼ MBh. [√jñā]Pa. saññā -- f. ʻ sense, sign ʼ, Pk. saṁṇā -- f.; S. sañaṇu ʻ to point out ʼ; WPah.jaun. sān ʻ sign ʼ, Ku. sān f., N. sān; B. sān ʻ understanding, feeling, gesture ʼ; H. sān f. ʻ sign, token, trace ʼ; G. sān f. ʻ sense, understanding, sign, hint ʼ; M. sã̄j̈ f. ʻ rule to make an offering to the spirits out of the new corn before eating it, faithfulness of the ground to yield its usual crop ʼ, sã̄jẽ n. ʻ vow, promise ʼ; Si. sana, ha˚ ʻ sign ʼ; -- P. H. sain f. ʻ sign, gesture ʼ (in mng. ʻ signature ʼ ← Eng. sign), G. sen f. are obscure. Addenda: saṁjñā -- : WPah.J. sā'n f. ʻ symbol, sign ʼ; kṭg. sánku m. ʻ hint, wink, coquetry ʼ, H. sankī f. ʻ wink ʼ, sankārnā ʻ to hint, nod, wink ʼ Him.I 209.(CDIAL 12874) meḍ 'body', meḍho 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (ram hieroglyph, (human) body hieroglyph) कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman (Monier-Williams) ayas 'alloy metal' (fish hieroglyph) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver' (one-horned young bull hieroglyph) bāṛaï 'carpenter' (boar hieroglyph) bari barea 'merchant' (boar hieroglyph) The anthropomorphs are dharma samjña, signifiers of responsibilities of the metalsmith-carpenter-merchant. Signs 389, 387 signify mũhã̄ kuṭhi 'ingot smelter', mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy, forge'. Anthropomorphs of Sarasvati Civilization are Indus Script hypertexts which signify metalwork. 1.. Sign 389, bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'twig', i.e. ingots produced from a smelter. This indicates that copper plates on which this hypertext occurs with high frequency are accounting ledgers of products produced from a smelter. 2. Sign 387, bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'riceplant', i.e. ingots worked on in a smithy/forge. This hypertext DOES NOT occur on copper plates. This indicates that Sign 387 signifies ingots processed in a smithy/forge, i.e. to forge ingots into metalware, tools, implements, weapons. The two distinctly orthographed Indus Script hypertexts signify 1. mũhã̄ kuṭhi 'ingot smelter', 2. mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy, forge'.
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/pralaya-narrative-and-matsya-metaphor.html Pralaya narrative and Matsya metaphor of victory over शङ्खासुर, rescue from pralaya by Manu's boat & detritus archaeological-/palaeo-drainage evidences This monograph discusses the spread of Copper Hoard Culture from Sarasvati-Ganga doab to Bactria Margiana Cultural Complex (BMAC) in the context of deciphered Indus Script Corpora of metalwork catalogues. A remarkable Gonur Tepe seal with Indus Script hieroglyphs and the hypertexts on anthropomorphs of Sheorajpur and Haryana are deciphered to re-affirm the insight provided by Baudhāyana-Śrautasūtra of movements of Vedic people from Kurukshetra westward into Bactria. Whether the pralaya discussed in an earlier monograph intensified such movements is a major area of research in the context of the Bronze Age Revolution resulting from the creation of tin-bronzes along the Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi to Haifa. A unique feature of Indus Writing system is that even on sculptures in the round, hieroglyphs are deployed through stylized orthographic art forms. A good example is the bronze dancing girl statue signifying a dance step and wearing bangles, carrying a wicked earthen lamp on her left hand. This characteristic pose in the bronze sculpture finds expression as a hieroglyph on a potsherd. Thus, the dance step is intended to signify a hieroglyph: meD 'dance step' rebus: meD 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) med 'copper (Slavic languages). Similarly, a 'standard device'shown as a hieroglyph in front, generally, of a young bull is also signified on sculptural forms: Stndard device as hieroglyph The sculpture in the middle is made of ivory signifying a 'standard device' (lathe + portable furnace + dotted circles) sangaDa 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sAngaDa 'double-canoe, seafaring vessel'. dhAv 'strand' rebus: dhAv mineral, dhatu'. The hieroglyph 'sangaDa' also means' combined animals' This expression of 'combined animals' is achieved orthographically both in script and in sculpture. Combined animal as s'ankha seal, Dwraka. Combined animal as hieroglyph. Combined animal: elephant, buffalo, feline in sculptured form. The same technique of a writing system even in sculptural forms results in the unique anthropomorph of Sarasvati civilization discovered in 21 examples, in Sarasvati Basin and also in Ganga valley A ram with curved horns with spread legs results in an anthropomorphic form. This form is also ligatured with a hieroglyph script sign ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'.In another form the ligature is with a crocodile or boar. This anthropomorphic form composed of hieroglyphic art forms is rendered as Indus Script rendered rebus to signify metalworker, metal merchant. miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt,meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) ; meDh 'merchant' PLUS karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' PLUS karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'bloacksmith' OR baDhi, bari 'castrated boar' rebus: barea 'merchant', bArakasa 'dhow,s eavaring vessel' PLUS koDiya 'young bull' rebus: koTiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel'. Anthropomorph as a combined parts of animals is sanGada 'joined animals' rebus: sAngada 'double-canoe, seafaring vessel'. ayo, aya 'fish' is ligatured o signify rebus: aya, 'iron' ayas 'metal'. Another rebus rendering is: मेधा == धन Naigh. ii , 10. Thus, aya मेधा 'iron wealth' PLUS baDhi, bari 'boar' rebus: barea 'merchant'. Thus, iron merchant. One-horned young bull is inscribed on an anthropomorph to signify koDiya 'young bull' rebus: koTiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel'. A brilliant exposition on the etymology of the word Varāha is provided by वाचस्पत्यम् Vācaspatyam: वराय अभीष्ठाय मुस्तादिलाभाय आहन्ति खनति भूमिम् To represent a boon, (to obtain) wished, desired products (including species of grass) mined from the earth, by striking, hitting. Thus, Varāha is a hieroglyph metaphor to represent, signify mining for minerals. Sheorajpur anthropomorph. Enlargement signifying the ayo, aya 'fish'hieroglyph' incised on teh chest. A composite copper Anthropomorphic figure along with a copper sword was found by Dr. Sanjay Manjul, Director, Institute of Archaeology at the Central Antiquity Section, ASI, Purana Qila in 2005. This composite copper Anthropomorph is a solitary example in the copper hoard depicting aVarah head. The Anthropomorphic figure, its inscription and animal motif that it bears, illustrate the continuity between the Harappan and Early Historical period Both anthropomorphs are shaped like a standing person with spread legs and with the horns of a markhor or ram. Type 1 Anthropomorph: metalworker (mintworker), merchant On one type of anthropomorph, an additional hieroglyph is incised. That of 'fish with fins'. The reading of hieroglyphs in Indus Script cipher: ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Gujarati) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda) ayo ‘fish’ Rebus: ayo, 'iron', ayas ‘metal. Thus, together read rebus: ayo meḍh ‘iron stone ore, metal merchant.’ Hieroglyph: Spread legs: कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: karNa 'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account' 'supercargo'. Thus, the hieroglyphs on the anthropomorph Type 2 signify a helmsman, engraver who works with alloys of metals to produce supercargo of mined products. Type 2 Anthropomorph: miner (worker in wood and iron), merchant On the second type of anthropomorph, a Varāha head is ligatured to the top of the anthropomorph and an additional hieroglyph is incised on the chest: That of a 'one-horned young bull' which accounts for nearly 80% of pictorial motifs on Indus Script seals. miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Gujarati) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda) Hieorglyph of one-horned bull inscribed on chest: khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Hieorglyph: boar: baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’; baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) 'Rebus: bari 'merchant'.barea 'merchant' (Santali)বরাহ barāha 'boar'Rebus: bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) Varāha is explained by वाचस्पत्यम् Vācaspatyam: वराय अभीष्ठाय मुस्तादिलाभाय आहन्ति खनति भूमिम् To represent a boon, (to obtain) wished, desired products (including species of grass) mined from the earth, by striking, hitting. Hieroglyph: Spread legs: कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: karNa 'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account' 'supercargo'. Thus, the hieroglyphs on the anthropomorph Type 2 signify a helmsman, engraver who works with metals and mines to produce supercargo of mined products. (Note: I had suggested that the head ligature on the anthropomorph signifies a crocodile, but Dr. Sanjay Manjul's suggestion that it signifies head of a boar is consistent with the Vedic metaphor and tradition of Varāha. Anthropomorphic figures of Type I (Left from Bisauli; right, unknown provenance; scale 1:3; drawn by Petra Thalmeier after Yule 1985, pl. 11, No. 239 and Yule 1989, Fig. 10, No. 1123 From Lothal was reported a fragmentary Type 1 anthropomorph (13.0 pres. X 12.8 pres. X c. 0.08 cm, Cu 97.27%, Pb 2.51% (Rao), surface patterning runs lengthwise, lower portion slightly thicker than the edge of the head, 'arms' and 'legs' broken off (Pl. 1, 22)-- ASI Ahmedabad (10918 -- Rao, SR, 1958, 13 pl. 21A). The extraordinary presence of a Lothal anthropomorph of the type found on the banks of River Ganga in Sheorajpur (Uttar Pradesh) makes it apposite to discuss the anthropomorph as a Meluhha hieroglyph, since Lothal is reportedly a mature site of the civilization. The anthropomorph from Lothal/Gujarat (fig. 2,11), from a layer which its excavator dates to the 19 th century BCE. Lothal, phase 4 of period A, type 1. Some anthropomorphs were found stratified together with Ochre-Coloured Pottery, dated to ca. 2nd millennium BCE. Anthropomorph of Ra's al-Jins (Fig. 1,9) clearly reinforces the fact that South Asians travelled to and stayed at the site of Ra's al-Jins. "The excavators date the context from which the Ra’s al-Jins copper artefact derived to their period III, i.e. 2300-2200 BCE (Cleuziou & Tosi 1997, 57), which falls within thesame time as at least some of the copper ingots which are represented at al-Aqir, and for example also in context from al-Maysar site M01...the Franco-Italian teamhas emphasized the presence of a settled Harappan-Peri-od population and lively trade with South Asia at Ra's al-Jins in coastal Arabia. (Cleuziou, S. & Tosi, M., 1997, Evidence for the use of aromatics in the early Bronze Age of Oman, in: A. Avanzini, ed., Profumi d'Arabia, Rome 57-81)."
2017 - The Horse in Arabia and the Arabian Horse: Origins, Myths and Realities
Arabian Humanities, 2017
This paper is an introduction to the issue of the journal Arabian Humanities no 8, devoted to the horse in Arabia and in Arabian culture. The setting of the following contributions is detailed from specific viewpoints: • The al‑Maqar case: an ideological historical reconstitution • The domestication of the horse: the state of the art • The introduction of the horse in Arabia: the state of the art • The horse in the Islamic period • The myth of the Arabian horse
Preliminary Results of the Dhofar Archaeology Survey
A general archaeological survey of the Governorate of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman, conducted under the auspices of the Office of the Advisor to H.M. the Sultan for Cultural Affairs, was carried out from 2008 to 2009. Over 300 new sites have been identified, adding to the 800 previously known sites. Identification covers the lower Palaeolithic through to the Islamic period. Geographically, sites have been identified from the RubΚ al-Khālī, Nejd (Najd), the Dhofar hills, and the coastal plains. The most outstanding results of the survey to date include: 1) the prolific nature of the Upper Palaeolithic in the fore Nejd; 2) the Neolithic occupation of the Nejd and Dhofar hills (8500–3500 BCE); 3) the expansion of cattle and ovicaprid domestication in the Bronze Age of the Dhofar hills and Salalah plain (3500–1000 BCE); 4) Iron Age rock shelters in the Dhofar hills with associated stratigraphical debris and rock paintings; 5) the recognition of early Islamic seaports on the Dhofar coast; 6) the integration of archaeological sites into the medieval al-Baleed (al-Balīd) horizon (1000–1500 CE).
Bronze anthropomorphs and torcs (bronze rings) have been found from ca. 3rd millennium BCE to 2nd millennium BCE in an extensive area from copperhoard sites of Ganga-Yamuna doab in Ancient India to Lothal to Tin-Bronze sites of Persian Gulf. Finds of anthropomorph fragments from Lothal and Persian Gulf sites takes the hypertext to ca. 3rd millennium BCE of Sarasvati Civilization. ASI archives. Anthropomorph with boar's head (in addition to ram's horns, spread legs and one-horned young bull inscribed on the chest) Madarpur anthropomorphs. One has upraised hand, spread legs, ram's horns. Sheorajpur anthropomorph has 'fish' inscribed on the chest (in addition to ram's horns and spread legs) Indus Script hypertexts on the anthropomorphs and torcs are read rebus in Meluhha: Torcs as signifiers of furnace workers, iron workers karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār 'blacksmith, iron worker'. The torcs signify: Hieroglyph: bārī , 'small ear-ring': H. bālā m. ʻbraceletʼ (→ S. ḇālo m. ʻbracelet worn by Hindusʼ), bālī, bārī f. ʻsmall ear -- ringʼ, OMārw. bālī f.; G. vāḷɔ m. ʻ wire ʼ, pl. ʻ ear ornament made of gold wire ʼ; M. vāḷā m. ʻ ring ʼ, vāḷī f. ʻ nose -- ring ʼ.(CDIAL 11573) Rebus: bārī 'merchant' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel. Consistent with the archaeological evidence of stoneware bangles as responsibility signifiers, the torc can also be read as a round stone: *varta3 ʻ round stone ʼ. 2. *vārta -- . [Cf. Kurd. bard ʻ stone ʼ. -- √vr̥t1]1. Gy. eur. bar, SEeur. bai̦ ʻ stone ʼ, pal. wăṭ, wŭṭ ʻ stone, cliff ʼ; Ḍ. boṭ m. ʻ stone ʼ, Ash. Wg. wāṭ, Kt. woṭ, Dm. bɔ̈̄'ṭ, Tir. baṭ, Niṅg. bōt, Woṭ. baṭ m., Gmb. wāṭ; Gaw. wāṭ ʻ stone, millstone ʼ; Kal.rumb. bat ʻ stone ʼ (bad -- váṣ ʻ hail ʼ), Kho. bort, Bshk. baṭ, Tor. bāṭ, Mai. (Barth) "bhāt" NTS xviii 125, Sv. bāṭ, Phal. bā̆ṭ; Sh.gil. băṭ m. ʻ stone ʼ, koh.băṭṭ m., jij. baṭ, pales. baṭ ʻ millstone ʼ; K. waṭh, dat. °ṭas m. ʻ round stone ʼ, vüṭü f. ʻ small do. ʼ; L. vaṭṭā m. ʻ stone ʼ, khet. vaṭ ʻ rock ʼ; P. baṭṭ m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ, vaṭṭā, ba°m. ʻ stone ʼ, vaṭṭī f. ʻ pebble ʼ; WPah.bhal. baṭṭ m. ʻ small round stone ʼ; Or. bāṭi ʻ stone ʼ; Bi. baṭṭā ʻ stone roller for spices, grindstone ʼ. -- With unexpl. -- ṭṭh -- : Sh.gur. baṭṭhm. ʻ stone ʼ, gil. baṭhāˊ m. ʻ avalanche of stones ʼ, baṭhúi f. ʻ pebble ʼ (suggesting also an orig. *vartuka -- which Morgenstierne sees in Kho. place -- name bortuili, cf. *vartu -- , vartula -- ).2. Paš.lauṛ. wāṛ, kuṛ. wō ʻ stone ʼ, Shum. wāṛ.(CDIAL 11348) Rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. Anthropomorphs (with variant Indus Script Hypertexts/hieroglyphs) as signifiers of metalworkers, seafaring merchants khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) kõda 'kiln, furnace' baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’; baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) Rebus: bari 'merchant'.barea 'merchant' (Santali)বরাহ barāha 'boar'Rebus: bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) eraka 'upraised hand' rebus: eraka 'copper'. ayo'fish' Rebus: ayo 'iron, metal' (Gujarati) khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.) med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) karNaka 'spread legs' rebus:karNI 'supercargo'. sangaDa 'joined parts of animals' rebus: sAngaDa 'double-canoe' sangarh 'fortification' With the discovery of 31 anthropomorphs in Madarpur, Uttar Pradesh, the total number of such anthropomorphs in India and in Sultanate of Oman has crossed 46 artefacts. Four of these anthropomorphs have been found in Lothal, Haryana, Bihar and Oman. Most artefacts which belong to the prehistoric copper hoard culture dated to earlier than ca. 2nd millennium BCE, have been found in the Ganga-Sarasvati doab.The significance of these anthropomorphs has been debated (See Anthropomorph Bibliography appended). TypeI Type II (Indus Script 'fish' hieroglyph) Type III (Seated,with right arm upraised) Type IV (Indus Script 'boar' ligature & 'yong bull' hieroglyh inscribed) Paul Yule had identified TYpe I and Type II artefacts from among the Copper Hoard Culture finds as anthropomorph types based on orthographic features. With the discovery of new artefacts of the Copper Hoard Culture, the typology can now be extended to four types of anthropomorphs. The types are: Type I semi-circular headed, curved arms signifying ram's horns, standing with pread legs; Type II similar to Type I but with Indus script incription of 'fish' hieroglyph; Type III similar to Type I but with variants of 'seated posture' and one right arm lift upwards; and Type IV similar to Type I but with Indus Script inscriptions/ligatures of boar's head and hieroglyph of one-horned young bull. The findspot of Type II anthropomorph (with 'fish' hieroglyph) is Sheorajpur where an ancient Shiva temple has been discovered. The temple ceiling is decorated with metalwork plates of sculptural friezes attesting to the metalwork tradition of the site during the Bronze Age (See appended note with photographs: About a temple in Sheorajpur with metal ceiling). Apart from the insribed or ligatured anthropomorphs with Indus Script hieroglyphs, the link to Indus Script tradition is validated by the finds of anthropomorphs in Sultanate of Oman dated to ca. 1900 BCe and to the find of an anthropomorph in Lothal (2500 BCE?). Thus, the Copper Hoard Culture can be seen as a continuum of the Bronze Age Revolution evidenced by the Indus Script Corpora of over 7000 inscriptions, all related to metalwork catalogues or data archives. It is submitted, that the anthropomorphs of Copper Hoard Culture are a reinforcement of the Indus Script decipherent as metalwork cataloguing in Prākr̥tam (Indian sprachbund), a cipher system mentioned by Vatsyayana as mlecchita vikalpa 'lit.cipher of mleccha/meluhha, 'copper workers'). While many anthropomorph examples are of small size which led Paul Yule to infer that they did not have utilitarian value as 'metal', some examples ahve been reported from Metmuseum of anthropomorphs of sizes 4 1/2 x 3 15/16 in. and 6 1/8 x 4 7/8 in. which have led to their identification as axe-heads or ax celts or copper ingots. I suggest that all the anthropomorphs and rings (torcs) are orthographic form hieroglyphs of Indus Script to signify metalwork dharma saṁjñā 'signifiers of resonsibilities (in guild -- as artisans/seafaring merchants) or professional calling cards'. karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār 'blacksmith, iron worker'. The torcs signify: Hieroglyph: bārī , 'small ear-ring': H. bālā m. ʻbraceletʼ (→ S. ḇālo m. ʻbracelet worn by Hindusʼ), bālī, bārī f. ʻsmall ear -- ringʼ, OMārw. bālī f.; G. vāḷɔ m. ʻ wire ʼ, pl. ʻ ear ornament made of gold wire ʼ; M. vāḷā m. ʻ ring ʼ, vāḷī f. ʻ nose -- ring ʼ.(CDIAL 11573) Rebus: bārī 'merchant' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel Kernunnos is named in an inscription on the 1st cent. CE Pillar of the Boatmen (French Pilier des nautes) with bas-relief depictions.The cognate word is: कारणी or कारणीक (p. 159) [ kāraṇī or kāraṇīka ] the supercargo of a ship &c. कर्णधार (p. 140) [ karṇadhāra ] m S (A holder of the ear.) A helmsman or steersman. बारकश or बारकस (p. 575) [ bārakaśa or bārakasa ] n ( P) A trading vessel, a merchantman.(Marathi) The torcs hanging from the horns are such stoneware rings or badges. The horns are twigs: kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) कूदी [p= 300,1] f. a bunch of twigs , bunch (v.l. कूट्/ई) AV. v , 19 , 12 Kaus3.ccord. to Kaus3. , Sch. = बदरी, "Christ's thorn".(Monier-Williams). Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) Thus, Kernunnos is described by the hieroglyph-multiplexes to be 1. a smelter; and 2. a seafaring merchant. A torc held in the right hand of Kernunnos on Gundestrup cauldron may also signify a seafaring merchant. The hood of snake held on the left hand signifies: kulA 'hood of snake' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith'. Compare with stoneware bangles are torcs as professional calling cards on 1. Kernunnos of Gundestrup cauldron and 2. Kernunnos on Pilier des nautes (Note:Comparable to the 'stoneware bangles' as calling cards are the torcs shown on 1. Kernunnos of Gundestrup cauldron and 2. Pilier des nautes which names Kernunnos in an inscription on the 1st cent. CE Pillar of the Boatmen (French Pilier des nautes) with bas-relief depictions. These evidences are presented in Section 4.)