The effect of cigarette smoking on drug metabolism in the liver and placenta: the use of cotinine in verifying smoking status (original) (raw)
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Variations in cotinine levels in smokers during and after pregnancy
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1998
To compare the antenatal and postnatal cotinine levels in smoking women after controlling for the differences in smoking practices. STUDY DESIGN: A paired comparison of two measurements of cotinine concentration was conducted in 40 smoking women voluntarily recruited in a prenatal education program held in La Fe Hospital, Valencia, Spain, during 1990 and 1991. Cotinine concentration was assayed by gas chromatography in samples of saliva obtained during and after pregnancy. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test and multiple linear regression analysis were used. RESULTS: The cotinine per cigarette ratio during pregnancy (median 3.53 ng/ml per cigarette) was significantly lower than the ratio in the postnatal testing (median 9.87 ng/ml per cigarette). This difference persisted after allowing for differences in reported cigarette consumption. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the available equivalencies between cotinine level and nicotine intake obtained from adult nonpregnant populations cannot be directly applied during pregnancy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:568-71.)
Serum Cotinine Concentration and Self-reported Smoking during Pregnancy
American Journal of Epidemiology, 1998
Although during pregnancy there is a better correlation between maternal serum cotinine concentration and adverse outcome than between self-reported smoking and such an outcome, few studies of pregnancy have measured cotinine concentration to determine how much a woman smokes. This study assessed the accuracy of self-reported smoking during pregnancy by performing serum cotinine assays on 448 women registered in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959)(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966). Based on the assumption that a serum cotinine concentration of >10 ng/ml represented active smoking, 94.9% of women who denied smoking and 87.0% of women who stated that they smoked (kappa = 0.83) reported their status accurately. Among smokers, the correlation coefficient between cotinine concentration and number of cigarettes smoked per day was 0.44. Serum cotinine concentration correlated more strongly than self-reported smoking with infant birth weight (r = 0.246 vs. 0.200). In conclusion, this study showed that pregnant women accurately reported whether they smoked, but cotinine concentration was a better measure than self-report of the actual tobacco dose received. Am J
Renal Failure, 2011
Objective: We have investigated the effects of active and passive smoking on renal functions in terms of glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria, and β-2 microglobulin excretion. Design and method: The volunteers included in this study were classified into three groups as active smokers (n = 24), passive smokers (n = 20), and controls (n = 20). Blood and urine samples were collected from all groups. Serum glucose, urea, creatinine, and cotinine levels in the collected blood samples were measured. Also, microalbumin, β-2 microglobulin, and creatinine levels were measured in the collected urine samples. Results: Serum cotinine levels were found to be higher in both passive and active smokers when compared with controls (p < 0.01), whereas urinary microalbumin and creatinine levels were significantly higher in active smokers (p < 0.01). The urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio was significantly increased in both active and passive smokers compared with controls. Conclusion: The kidney and the glomerular functions may be affected even by passive smoking. In addition, increased microalbumin/creatinine ratio may be a sign of increased atherosclerosis risk in these persons.
Cotinine level as a biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy
2012
Today, smoking today is one of the most common bad habits in the world. Smoking, both active and passive, increases perinatal mortality by 27%, increases the incidence of heart attack and detachment of the placenta, reduces the body weight of the baby, changes the development of coronary artery disease in the newborn, and increases the frequency of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. Therefore, laboratory studies of nicotine and its catabolic product, cotinine, is an important indicator for monitoring pregnancy.
Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2002
With a validated GC/MS method, the tobacco smoke biomarker cotinine has been estimated in urine for 148 non-smokers (male; 43 AE 13 years; median 5.0 mg/g creatinine; 95 th percentile 104 mg/g) and 96 smokers (male; 39 AE 12 years; 1002 mg/g; 2993 mg/g). For a subgroup of 50 persons, the GC/MS results were compared with those by a commercially available radio immunoassay. Both methods identified the same persons as non-smokers and smokers, respectively, and were closely related. For smokers, the relationship was distinctly closer than for the non-smokers (r 0.90, p < 0.001, n 14 vs. r 0.41, p < 0.02, n 36). The RIA values were 2.4times (smokers) and 2.9times (non-smokers) higher than the GC/MS results. This was probably caused by the cross reactivity of the RIA antibodies against other urinary nicotine metabolites, e.g. trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and has to be taken into account to correctly compare results of studies obtained with different analytical techniques and for choosing cutoff points to discriminate between active smokers and non-smokers or between non-smokers with higher or lower exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014
Background: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) helps smokers quit smoking, but trials indicate that there is no evidence that it is effective in pregnancy. As metabolism increases during pregnancy, NRT may deliver insufficient nicotine to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. There is mixed evidence as to what levels of cotinine are reached from nicotine exposure in pregnancy while using NRT, compared with smoking.
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2002
With a validated GC/MS method, the tobacco smoke biomarker cotinine has been estimated in urine for 148 non-smokers (male; 43 AE 13 years; median 5.0 mg/g creatinine; 95 th percentile 104 mg/g) and 96 smokers (male; 39 AE 12 years; 1002 mg/g; 2993 mg/g). For a subgroup of 50 persons, the GC/MS results were compared with those by a commercially available radio immunoassay. Both methods identified the same persons as non-smokers and smokers, respectively, and were closely related. For smokers, the relationship was distinctly closer than for the non-smokers (r 0.90, p < 0.001, n 14 vs. r 0.41, p < 0.02, n 36). The RIA values were 2.4times (smokers) and 2.9times (non-smokers) higher than the GC/MS results. This was probably caused by the cross reactivity of the RIA antibodies against other urinary nicotine metabolites, e.g. trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and has to be taken into account to correctly compare results of studies obtained with different analytical techniques and for choosing cut-off points to discriminate between active smokers and non-smokers or between non-smokers with higher or lower exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.