SOCIOLINGUISTIC EXAMINATION OF IGALA-ENGLISH BILINGUALS (original) (raw)
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Clients haru le purai website visit nagare samma hamro kam ko Gloss: Clients-pl mrk-erg. complete website visit-DO neg. until our mission-DAT Nature bare thaha hundaina Gloss: nature about know-INF. Ng. Translation: Clients do not understand the nature of our mission until they visit our complete website. Example 19: Interview with a farmer (A1010601) English use garna ma ko sanga communication Gloss: English use DO-INF I whom with communication Garirakhekochu tes ma depend garcha Gloss: DO-cont. BE(pres, I peprson) on that depend DO-INF Translation: I use English depending on whom I am communicating with. In the examples above website visit, English use and depend are followed by the Nepali 'DO' verb to make them finite, i.e. to give them tense. In Example 20 below, the English verb highlight is morphologically integrated into the Nepali with the help of 'DO' in its durative form. Example 20: Focus group discussion with media people (A0710504) *F31: media-le badhi highlightgarda pani ho jasto lagcha Gloss: media-erg. more highlight DO-DUR. also BE assume I media-ma pani english-ko prayog huncha fifty percent English Gloss: media-loc. also English-gen. use be fifty percent English Ra fifty percent nepali ko usegarcha Gloss: and fifty percent Nepali-gen use-DO pre. Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism.Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp.192-213. UNESCO (2013).
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Code-switching and code-mixing are known to be universal phenomena among bilinguals. Not until recently, code-switching/mixing was seen as evidence of “internal mental confusion, the inability to separate two languages sufficiently to warrant the description of true bilingualism ” (Lipski 1982:191). Studies have shown that code-switching is not a manifestation of mental confusion but a rule-governed behaviour among bilinguals which is motivated by various socio-psychological as well as linguistic factors. It has been observed that code-switching is more predominant among Igbo-English bilinguals compared to any other linguistic group in Nigeria. This paper seeks to explain why the Igbo people code-switch a lot by looking at the history of the Igbo language contact with English, the socio-psychological factors as well as the Linguistic factors that contributed to the predominance of
Code-switching and code-mixing are universal phenomena among majority of bilinguals. Recently, code-switching is becoming more and more accepted in the speech of Hausa /English bilinguals. This paper seeks to explain why the Hausa-English bilinguals often code-switch, the socio-psychological factors as well as the Linguistic factors that contributed to introduction of Code-switching among Hausa-English bilinguals have also been presented. Finally, the paper examined the effects of code-switching on the development of competence on both languages.
Code-Switching on Tansi Language Spoken by People in Lembah Segar Sub-District
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People usually choose different codes in different situation in every interaction. The phenomenon of code-switching is common in bilingualism and occurs in conversation. Code-switching occurs when conversation use two languages together to the extent that they change from one language to other in the course of a single utterance. By using qualitative method, this study was aimed to analyze the types and function of code-switching found in the utterance spoken by people in Lembah Segar sub-district. The researcher analyzed sixty three utterance of Minangkabaunese-Tansi language switched spoken by people in Lembah Segar sub-district. Romaine’s (1995) theory is applied in this research to find the types of code-switching. To finding the functions of code-switching the researcher used Gumperz’s (1982) theory. The result of this study shows that the intra-sentential switching was the most common type of code-switching. Also, Interjection was the most function of code-switching used by pe...
The current research analyzes a YouTube video entitled 3 Jaksel vs 1 (secret) Jakbar | Quickie #53 published by Jakarta Uncensored with the aim of discovering how West Jakarta and South Jakarta youths interact with code-mixing and code-switching, as well as seeking the differences in the speaking style of these two regions. This study is also expected to provide information required for everyone studying sociolinguistics so that they can gain a better grasp of the many types of code-switching and code-mixing. Descriptive qualitative method is employed to examine more deeply about the data obtained from the video. The findings denote that intra-sentential switching is the most prevalent code in speakers' interactions. It is later revealed that West Jakarta is less likely to mix or switch two different languages while speaking, just the polar opposite of the South Jakarta youths. The use of code-switching and code-mixing is a means for young people to overcome the difficulties in speaking in their mother tongue.
Code Switching and Code Mixing in Indonesia: Study in Sociolinguistics
Code-switching and code-mixing are part of the Study of Bilingualism in Sociolinguistics which have become a very popular language, it is to be an influence for smooth communication in Indonesia because many Batak Toba and Mandailing speakers who realize code-switching and code-mixing using other languages such as Indonesian and English in a particular conversation in everyday life. It is thus necessary to study for smooth communication and prevent misunderstandings and prevent deaths language speakers. The method that is applied in this reseach is qualitative research, which used interview techniques, questionnaires, observations and records for taking the data. So, the research was conducted by taking the real data from communities in North Sumatra, Indonesia. From the research, we found 75 expressions from 3 places of the research. They are City of Medan, Siantar and Region of Mandailing Natal. In addition, code switching and code mixing in Indonesia have been divided into three classes. They are word class, phrase class, and sentence class. Interestingly, the word level is the highest number that is occurred in Indonesia, which reached 57.3% from all the data. Then, for the second and the third positions are phrase and Sentence levels, which reached 40.4% and 17.3% respectively.