The association between previous running related injuries and isometric muscle strength among recreational and novice runners (original) (raw)
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Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2021
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. ABSTRACT Introduction Although lower extremity muscle strength, joint motion, and functional foot alignment are commonly used, time-efficient clinical measures that have been proposed as risk factors for running-related injuries, it is unclear if these factors can distinguish injury resistance in runners. Purpose This study compares clinical measures, with consideration of sex, between recently injured runners (3 months to 1 yr prior), those with a high level of injury resistance who have been uninjured for at least 2 yr, and never-injured runners. Methods Averaged bilateral values and between-limb symmetry angles of lower limb isometric muscle strength, joint motion, navicular drop, and foot posture index (FPI) were assessed in a cohort of recreational runners, and their injury history was recorded. Differences in clinical measures between injury groupings were examined, with consideration of sex. Results Of the 223 runners tes...
Journal of Physiotherapy, 2013
What is the incidence of running-related injuries (RRIs) in recreational runners? Which personal and training characteristics predict RRIs in recreational runners? Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: A total of 200 recreational runners answered a fortnightly online survey containing questions about their running routine, races, and presence of RRI. These runners were followed-up for a period of 12 weeks. Outcome measures: The primary outcome of this study was running-related injury. The incidence of injuries was calculated taking into account the exposure to running and was expressed by RRI/1000 hours. The association between potential predictive factors and RRIs was estimated using generalised estimating equation models. Results: A total of 84 RRIs were registered in 60 (31%) of the 191 recreational runners who completed all follow-up surveys. Of the injured runners 30% (n = 18/60) developed two or more RRIs, with 5/18 (28%) being recurrences. The incidence of RRI was 10 RRI/1000 hours of running exposure. The main type of RRI observed was muscle injuries (30%, n = 25/84). The knee was the most commonly affected anatomical region (19%, n = 16/84). The variables associated with RRI were: previous RRI (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.51), duration of training although the effect was very small (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02), speed training (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.10), and interval training (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.88). Conclusions: Physiotherapists should be aware and advise runners that past RRI and speed training are associated with increased risk of further RRI, while interval training is associated with lower risk, although these associations may not be causative.
A step towards understanding the mechanisms of running-related injuries
2014
Objectives: To investigate the association between training-related characteristics and running-related injury using a new conceptual model for running-related injury generation, focusing on the synergy between training load and previous injuries, short-term running experience or body mass index (> or <25 kg m −2 ). Design: Prospective cohort study with a 9-month follow-up. Methods: The data of two previous studies using the same methodology were revisited. Recreational runners (n = 517) reported information about running training characteristics (weekly distance, frequency, speed), other sport participation and injuries on a dedicated internet platform. Weekly volume (dichotomized into <2 h and ≥2 h) and session frequency (dichotomized into <2 and ≥2) were the main exposures because they were considered necessary causes for running-related injury. Non-trainingrelated characteristics were included in Cox regression analyses as effect-measure modifiers. Hazard ratio was the measure of association. The size of effect-measure modification was calculated as the relative excess risk due to interaction. Results: One hundred sixty-seven runners reported a running-related injury. Crude analyses revealed that weekly volume <2 h (hazard ratio = 3.29; 95% confidence intervals = 2.27; 4.79) and weekly session frequency <2 (hazard ratio = 2.41; 95% confidence intervals = 1.71; 3.42) were associated with increased injury rate. Previous injury was identified as an effect-measure modifier on weekly volume (relative excess risk due to interaction = 4.69; 95% confidence intervals = 1.42; 7.95; p = 0.005) and session frequency (relative excess risk due to interaction = 2.44; 95% confidence intervals = 0.48; 4.39; p = 0.015). A negative synergy was found between body mass index and weekly volume (relative excess risk due to interaction = −2.88; 95% confidence intervals = −5.10; −0.66; p = 0.018). Conclusions: The effect of a runner's training load on running-related injury is influenced by body mass index and previous injury. These results show the importance to distinguish between confounding and effect-measure modification in running-related injury research. (L. Malisoux). to elucidate the mechanisms involved in RRI generation, 6,7 a prerequisite for successful injury prevention measures. To date, evidence on RRI aetiology is virtually non-existent. One of the main reasons regularly highlighted is the absence of largescale prospective cohort studies. In addition, the conceptual and statistical approach used for data-analysis has been given insufficient attention. The classical way used by many authors is to run regression analyses, where all variables thought to be related to injury are first tested separately for their association with RRI. Next, those below a certain p-value are included in a final adjusted model. This approach implies that each included variable is a confounder for the outcome and is directly associated with it.
Effect of exercise‐induced muscle damage on endurance running performance in humans
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is known to decrease muscle strength and power but its effect on endurance performance is unclear. Thirty moderately trained adult runners (24 men and six women) were randomly assigned to EIMD or control. The EIMD group jumped 100 times from a 35 cm bench, while controls did not perform any muscle-damaging exercise. Before and 48 h after treatment, subjects were tested on markers of EIMD, steady-state cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceptual responses during a constant speed submaximal run; distance ran in 30 min on a treadmill. There were significant changes in muscle soreness, creatine kinase, and knee extensors strength (Po0.01). This EIMD significantly reduced selfpaced time trial performance by 4% (Po0.01) because subjects reduced running speed (P 5 0.02), with no change in perceived exertion (P 5 0.31). No significant alterations in running economy and other physiological responses to submaximal running were found. However, there was a trend (P 5 0.08) for increased perceived exertion, which was correlated with decreased time trial performance (Po0.01). In conclusion, EIMD has a significant impact on endurance running performance in humans, and this effect seems to be mediated by alterations in the sense of effort.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2013
This study compared the effects of mixed maximal strength and explosive strength training with maximal strength training and explosive strength training combined with endurance training over an 8-week training intervention. Male subjects (age 21-45 years) were divided into three strength training groups, maximal (MAX, n = 11), explosive (EXP, 10) and mixed maximal and explosive (MIX, 9), and a circuit training control group, (CON, 7). Strength training one to two times a week was performed concurrently with endurance training three to four times a week. Significant increases in maximal dynamic strength (1RM), countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal muscle activation during 1RM in MAX and during CMJ in EXP, peak running speed (S peak ) and running speed at respiratory compensation threshold (RCT speed ) were observed in MAX, EXP and MIX. Maximal isometric strength and muscle activation, rate of force development (RFD), maximal oxygen uptake _ VO 2 max À Á and running economy (RE) at 10 and 12 km hr -1 did not change significantly. No significant changes were observed in CON in maximal isometric strength, RFD, CMJ or muscle activation, and a significant decrease in 1RM was observed in the final 4 weeks of training. RE in CON did not change significantly, but significant increases were observed in S peak , RCT speed and _ VO 2 max À Á : Low volume MAX, EXP and MIX strength training combined with higher volume endurance training over an 8-week intervention produced significant gains in strength, power and endurance performance measures of S peak and RCT speed , but no significant changes were observed between groups.
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
Background: Sudden changes (increases and decreases) in training load have been suggested to play a key role in the development of running-related injuries. However, the compiled evidence for an association between change in training load and running-related injury does not exist. Purpose: The purpose of the present systematic review was to compile the evidence from original articles examining the association between changes in training load and running-related injuries. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: Four databases (Pubmed/Medline, SPORTDiscus, Embase, and Scopus) were systematically searched. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles independently. Articles were included if i) the study design was a randomized trial, a prospective cohort study, a cross-sectional study or a case-control study, ii) participants were runners between 18-65 years, and iii) specific information on changes in training load was provided. Methodological quality of included articles was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and the PEDro rating scale. Results: Four articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria of which three found an association between increases in training load and an increased risk of running-related injuries: This association was shown by an increased injury risk amongst runners: i) if they recently had performed one or more changes in either velocity and/or distance and/or frequency compared with the non-injured runners (p=0.037), ii) increasing their average weekly running distance by more than 30% compared to an increase less than 10% (Hazard Ratio =1.59 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.96; 2.66)), iii) increasing their total running distance significantly more the week before the injury origin compared with other weeks (mean difference: 86%; 95% Confidence Interval: 12%; 159%, p=0.026). However, no difference was found between a 10% and a 24% average increase in weekly volume (HR=0.8, 95% CI: 0.6; 1.3). Conclusion: Very limited evidence exists supporting that a sudden change in training load is associated with increased risk of running-related injury.
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Running Economy in Humans
2013
Running economy (RE), defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal running, has been identified as a critical factor of overall distance running performance. Plyometric and resistance trainings, performed during a relatively short period of time (∼15-30 days), have been successfully used to improve RE in trained athletes. However, these exercise types, particularly when they are unaccustomed activities for the individuals, may cause delayed onset muscle soreness, swelling, and reduced muscle strength. Some studies have demonstrated that exercise-induced muscle damage has a negative impact on endurance running performance. Specifically, the muscular damage induced by an acute bout of downhill running has been shown to reduce RE during subsequent moderate and high-intensity exercise (>65% VO 2 max). However, strength exercise (i.e., jumps, isoinertial and isokinetic eccentric exercises) seems to impair RE only for subsequent high-intensity exercise (∼90% VO 2 max). Finally, a single session of resistance exercise or downhill running (i.e., repeated bout effect) attenuates changes in indirect markers of muscle damage and blunts changes in RE.
2020
CONTEXT Running-related injuries are common in distance runners. Strength training is used for performance enhancement and injury prevention. However, the association between maximal strength and distance-running biomechanics is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between maximal knee- and hip-extensor strength and running biomechanics previously associated with injury risk. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 36 collegiate distance runners (26 men, 10 women; age = 20.0 ± 1.5 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.09 m, mass = 61.97 ± 8.26 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Strength was assessed using the 1-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat and maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the knee extensors and hip extensors. Three-dimensional running biomechanics were assessed overground at a self-selected speed. Running variables were the peak instantaneous vertical loading rate; peak forward trunk-lean angle; knee-flexion...