Bosnia and Herzegovina as a Historical Balkan Bridge Between Cultures, Religions and Nations (original) (raw)
"Bosnia and Herzegovina and XXI century"_Sabahudin Hadzialic._2014.pdf
Džemal Sokolović, Norway November, 2014 Cry of the human Once, not so long ago, we were taught that the nation is a historical creation occurred at a certain stage of social development and that at a certain stage will disappear. It was a sort of some kind of Marxist definition of the nation that were our teachers held into as sacred, while today, however, the greatest sacrilege is to try to mention that there is any opinion of that kind. If you're wondering WHY it happened, and the answer you have at accursed Marx who said that people's consciousness does not determine social being, but conversely, that the circumstances in which we live determines our consciousness. It is quite clear to Sabahudin Hadžialić, but he asks himself in his essays HOW IT HAPPENED – OR HOW IT HAPPENS? Of course, any at all serious man, the one within the intellectual mission, should have to ask himself that. But the question is when and who will ask that publicly? Sabahudin Hadžialić dared to ask himself, i.e. us, at the beginning of the third millennium, or the 21st century. Due to the size and selection of topics those are still reviews, but in a form of the treatment and the style of writing, his reviews take on characteristics of mini essays, and the essays are publications between journalism and science, closest to the art world. Mini-essays published in Eurasia review have genuine author's signature, a personality which is particularly reflected in the fact that these essays with an unusual inner dramaturgy. There are two characters in most of the essays presented: Student and Professor. Author somehow himself, his artistic position, identifies more with the student - because the student is the one who asks questions. A professor, who had taught him one thing and doing nowadays something totally differently, is trying to justify that within his professor’s kind of manner. The professor is actually the author's alter ego, student’s loyal friend or assistant, which should help him to realize that from he moved from one “I” to a different “I” or “Me”. In an article titled" BEGGARS OF THE MIND, WE, BY OURSELVES" his calls his professor "the alter ego of my suicide" and in that way introduces a question of identity, ie, that he, as the same person, is not identical to himself (people forget that they are getting old and becoming even wiser), or how we are all (or the vast majority) overnight took diametrically opposed views. How can the same teacher who taught us one thing, today is teaching our children something else, quite the opposite thing. The author does not hide his nostalgia. But his nostalgia is not the so-called "Yugoslavia nostalgia" which has been used to disqualify all the critics of society organized anarchy (author’s Bosnia and Herzegovina's patriotism cannot put not in one moment in question at all), but the nostalgia of middle-class social groups that should be, in any developed society, a measure of social maturity and balance. He, in short essay referred to as "I AM GOING INTO THE NIGHT" compares his father (a teacher/professor) when he was forty and himself when he turned forty years old. His father could go on holiday to France, made a house by the sea and always had a rich table of food. He can now go to France only if he is invited him and pay him everything, at the sea he goes into his father's house a food table is "poor rich with basic vitamins." Namely, through the detailed analysis of content of Sabahudin’s essays it may find the idea of such weight that can change the entire contemporary sociological science. He does not develop those ideas, but over them we all should imagine/think about. I would particularly emphasize the following thought from the essay "COLLECTIVENESS OF DIVERSITY or Love thy neighbor." He says: "Today is the scene of the killing of the society and creation of interest groups and not just of any kind, but creation of a group which, closing into its own shell of insanity creates conditions for their own disappearance.” This is a phenomenon with which will soon face our society and our sociology, and God help us, the ethics, and philosophy, theology, economics, political science, and psychology, and so on. Hadžialić, perhaps unconsciously, but with too much right, cries, demands, requires intellectual awakening of social consciousness, and how there is not any, then there's nothing but, then, challenge the premise of the need for "additional amount of time" for ripening. Bosnia at this time simply do not have! And he loves Bosnia and Herzegovina! With the fact of lack of time, and this, his love, everything else falls into the water... Using one aorist as a past continuous time, Hadžialić regurarly, possesses subtle wire coined to convey the same type of thinking, analytical intersections and, as well as the resultant, obtaining the fifth angle of perception of reality. ...So, after all, stands the pain within Hadžialić’s observations and calculations. All he writes is diagnosing the condition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, its more or less conscious man, the establishment of the disease of impotence from its intellectuals, but also criticism of unwillingness for incurring of preliminary conceptual leadership just through mind bodybuilder zoo politikon. This writer does not to accept with such a situation, his critique is sharp and principled, but the blade is always set to the image of thoughts which I often like to spin on the fact that “you do not like the state - you love the country”. Bosnia, as a country, probably nothing ask more than to be loved. The pure love. To, through that, for its inhabitants, and therefore her, be any better ... Boyish naive, full of wormwood bitterness over the fate of Bosnia and Herzegovina, confident in his reasonable, even to such a need, turning, towards cultural community in a broader, geopolitical - world - meaning, with the flagrant call to awakening and awareness, Hadžialić by himself is talking about the manipulation of human souls. Is that too naive? It's not! He is aware of the long past ago, or a missed moment of cult-cultural and intellectual awakening, if you will, even a confrontation with pseudo intellectualism. Does the writer lost and forgot origins? No way! Although it has not been written anywhere, his awareness radiates that this country tips behind the history at least a hundred or so years. Specifically, it is in 1848, in the shadow, of then growing industrial revolution. And, does not have industry. Neither labor nor his awakening, not even labor consciousness. How than will enter with new feudalism in the cultural consciousness of capitalism? Especially without of the mentioned leaders. A phrase did not die that in the revolutionary turmoil intellectuals are the leaders of machines which move forward, and becoming the social ballast after upgrading of the established system. Knows Hadžialić that and on this fact, and should not be, in vain, exhausted in that. But he cries, and offers himself, for the beginning of the start-up. This is his sharp critic of sleeping, of dead or death, without a fight, left aside mind... ... Worth a read, and that means to publish in the name - of despair. Not Hadžialić for no reason wrote: " ANIVOGEZREH DNA AINSOB". And secondly, upside down. But even that does not help. Maybe I am relentless, but it is like this. But, in the whole, good. You see everything, the weakness and the strength and validity, through the innocence and naiveté, with belief in self-protection, just in the passage of his art-work: „Carefree plunging into dreams, dreaming of everyday nightmare of the cruel awakening. In this way it cannot work anymore. Simply put, it cannot … I do not know the answer to the question HOW to overcome this. Maybe you know, dear brave reader? Although, …fragile if the knowledge …. of The Balkan … If this the only thing valuable throughout the book, which of course, is not the only valuable thing, the effort invested in its publishing, is justified. The book is full of incentives, conciliatory, thoughtful texts, with authentic writing style. Even when presenting classic stories, reportages, interviews and reviews about the books of other authors, in the form of his reflection in front of us raise the questions directed towards classical understanding that he always asks questions. What about the answers? They are also in us, in addition to responses emphasized in his writing.
The Muslim National Question in Bosnia. An Historical Overview and an Analytical Reappraisal.
Revista Militar, 2009
This text aims at to understand what kind of country Bosnia-Herzegovina was in 1992 when the war broke-out, and to what extent the ethnic groups living in it identified themselves with the state and with each other. What did really mean to be a Bosnian? To answer those questions we decided to study the evolution of ethnic relations in Bosnia- Herzegovina and the role played by ethnic elites in different historical contexts from a historic sociological perspective, focusing our attention on: the relationship between ethnic groups and power holders; the impact of that relation in the ethnic groups relations; the development of group identity and its forms of expression; and on the evolution of the Muslim question, since the emergence during the Ottoman period of a Muslim community endowed with a separate and particular group identity.
It would be wrong to understand the Bosnian war (the main source of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s current problems) only in terms of a religious war. Yet, it would also be wrong to adopt the explanation that religion had no role in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s catastrophe. The misfortunes that occurred in the region during the first half of 1990s was in many respects the result of the abuse of the people’s religious identity, relieved through myth and tradition that even today remain important inspirations for the future. In this article the Author analyses the genesis of this situation and, in particular, the radical nationalism of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which since the collapse of socialist Yugoslavia has been strictly related to the processes of politicization of religion. Under this perspective, the main aim of the article is to understand the place and the role of religion and confessions in the Country’s current legal system.
Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2009
ISLAM AS A EUROPEAN RELIGION: SOME VIEWS ON ISLAM IN THE TERRITORY OF THE EX-YUGOSLAVIA - THE CASES OF SLOVENIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA The paper wishes to present the exmnpfe of two repub/ics from the exYugosla via: Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina that claimed independence in 1991, a11d to draw atte11tio11 to some of the stereotypes about !slam a11d Muslims, natio11al mythologies and racism tliat have served as toots i11 the hands of politicians and culminated in the f orm of war in Bos11ia and Herzegovina. Stereotypical conceptions about Islam and Musfim s stiff mark the attitude of S fo venia 's inhabitants towards the Muslims who live in Slo venia as Slo venian citizens. ln the article I will expose some consequences of this stereotypical perception of the "oth er" and "d(f!erent ". Key Words: Stereotype, Racism, Islam. Bosnia Herzigovina
Polish Historical Society / Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne eBooks, 2019
The paper presents a comprehensive but still concise view of the phenomenon of interrelation between the Muslim Orient and the European West in modern Bosniak literature, i .e. in Bosniak literary practice from the late 19 th century onwards, up to the present moment. The Muslim Orient and the European West encounter directly in Bosniak literature especially after 1878, which is the year that is therefore the dividing line between the so-called older and modern Bosniak literature. This encounter left a deep mark in modern Bosniak literature, but also in the culture of Bosniaks and Bosnia-Herzegovina in general, crucially modelling more or less all fundamental processes in modern Bosniak literary practice, and particularly the processes of cultural memory in terms of both memory of literature and memory in literature, as well as literature as a form of collective memory. This innovative view of the Bosniak literary past is realized from different methodological and theoretical perspectives, starting from classical literary and cultural history as well as interliterary and intercultural history of literature, through cultural poetics or post-colonial studies, to imagology and cultural memory studies, etc .
This paper examines the organisation of popular and official Islam during and after communism in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Through studying the interaction between the popular and the official forms of Islam in the historical context, this paper unfolds the debate on who speaks for Islam? That took place between official representatives and popular Islamic groups and movements in the former Yugoslavian republic. Such an enquiry revealed firstly that a close contact with the existing regime (regardless of its ideology) is essential for becoming and remaining as the official Islamic authority, as seen in the Islamic Community's pro-Titoist stance throughout in the former Yugoslavia. The findings of the enquiry secondly suggest that popular Islam and official Islam represent transitive positions; meaning that a popular Islamic movement can become the official Islam, vice versa. Accordingly, a former popular Islam front, the Mladi Muslimani (Young Muslims), in Yugoslavia evolved into an official Islamic authority after the dissolution of the country and by the Bosnia-Herzegovina's establishment, in the scope of which new popular Islamic groups bred. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bu makale Bosna Hersek'te komünist dönemde ve sonrasında halk İslamı ve resmi İslam'ın oluşumunu/ şekillenmesini incelemektedir. Tarihsel bağlamda halk İslamı ve resmi İslam etkileşimini inceleyen makale eski Yugoslavya cumhuriyetinde resmi temsilciler ile halk İslamı grupları ve hareketleri arasında yaşanmış olan 'İslam adına kim konuşuyor?' tartışmasını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sorgu ilk olarak eski Yugoslavya'da resmi otorite olan İslam Topluluğu'nun Titocu duruşunda da görüldüğü üzere resmi İslami otorite haline gelmek ya da öyle kalmak için (ideolojisinden bağımsız olarak) mevcut rejimle yakın bir ilişkinin önem arz ettiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları ikinci olarak, halk İslamı ve resmi İslam'ın geçişli durumlar olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna göre, bir halk İslamı grubu resmi İslam haline gelebilirken bir resmi İslam yorumu halk İslamı'na dönüşebilir. Bu minvalde Yugoslavya örnek incelemesinde görülmüştür ki, eski bir halk İslamı cephesi, Genç Müslümanlar, Yugoslavya dağıldıktan ve Bosna Hersek kurulduktan sonra resmi İslam otoritesi haline gelmiştir; bu süreçte ise yeni halk İslamı grupları ortaya çıkmıştır.