Assessment of intestinal macromolecular absorption in young piglets to pave the way to oral vaccination: preliminary results (original) (raw)
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The early postnatal pattern of vesicle formation in different regions of the porcine small intestine
Livestock Science, 2007
In the early postnatal period, the permeability of the piglet small intestine is high to compensate for the absence of trans-placental transfer of immunoglobulins during the fetal period. Vesicles, which mainly reflect the uptake of macromolecules and other colostral/ milk components, were studied in three different regions of the small intestineproximal, mid and distalin a total of twelve piglets on day 0 (unsuckled and colostrums-fed), 2 and 6 (all suckled). Tissues were sampled and prepared for light microscopy (paraffin and cryo) and trans-electron microscopy. Different methods were applied to visualize cytoplasmatic subcellular components such as fat (Oil red O) and carbohydrates (PAS). Appearance and morphology of the epithelial vesicles were compared. In the proximal region several small supranuclear and a single large subnuclear electron dense, eosinophilic and PAS+ vesicle were present. They disappeared after 2 days (gut closure) and on day 6 adult-looking epithelial cells were present. In the distal region of day 0 pigs digestion vesicles/flocculent vesicles were observed in the cytoplasma. The vesicles appeared empty but with eosinophilic, PAS+ and electron dense precipitations. The size and variation of these vesicles increased with age. Fat absorption increased markedly from day 2 to day 6. The observations indicate that in general colostral absorption processes are initiated prenatally, persist after birth and in the distal region also after gut closure. Fat absorption increased after gut closure, and in the distal region the increase correlated with e.g. IgG absorption.
Gradual disappearance of vacuolated enterocytes in the small intestine of neonatal piglets
Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 2007
The unique feature of enterocytes in newborn mammals is the presence of an apical canalicular system (ACS) leading to production of large vacuoles, important for colostral macromolecule uptake. The vacuolated fetal-type enterocytes (VFE) enable transfer of colostral and milk proteins from the intestinal lumen across the epithelium without loosing their biological activity. First VFE are observed in the pig and lamb fetuses in the second trimester of pregnancy, located at the upper part of villi in the proximal region of the fetal small intestine and subsequently in the middle and distal regions. After birth the VFE are replaced with enterocytes lacking ACS. The present study aimed to investigate the depletion of VFE in the small intestine in the sow reared pig neonates during the first postnatal weeks using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis demonstrated the gradual disappearance of vacuolated enterocytes in time. VFE remained in the jejunum for a few days after bi...
Livestock Production Science, 2005
The effect on intestinal macromolecular absorption capacity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) transfer of feeding sow colostrum at different intervals and in different quantities to newborn pigs was studied. An amount of 15 ml/kg body weight (BW) colostrum was fed at 3 (treatment 3-15), 6 (treatment 6-15) or 12 (treatment 12-15) h intervals, respectively, starting 0-4 h after birth for 24 h; or 30 ml/kg BW was fed at 6 h intervals (treatment 6-30) or 60 ml/kg BW at 12 h intervals (treatment 12-60), respectively. All studies had a split litter design. These pigs were compared to littermates kept with the sow (treatment With sow). The absorption of IgG and the capacity for macromolecular uptake into the blood at 12 h (BSA as marker) and at 24 h (HSA as marker) were measured at 3 h after marker feeding and followed to 48 h of age. Gavage feeding unsuckled pigs a total of 120 ml colostrum/kg BW divided into 4-8 feedings over the first 24 h after birth resulted in a blood plasma IgG profile at 48 h comparable to that of their suckling littermates. Pigs fed a total 24-h amount of 30 or 60 ml colostrum/kg BW, had significantly lower plasma IgG levels at 27 and at 48 h, respectively. Feeding these low quantities was enough to initiate closure, so that these pigs still had lower levels of circulating IgG at 48 h than their littermates, and they probably maintained these lower IgG levels throughout the suckling period. It was concluded that feeding 30 ml colostrum/kg BW 4 times over the first 24 h provided the pig with plasma IgG levels comparable to that of their suckling littermates. D
Histochem J, 1993
Enterocytes of the small intestine in 1-day-old suckling piglets contain numerous vesicles in the apical cytoplasm and a large granule located beneath the nucleus. Within the next 3 days, these granules transform into electron-dense crystalloid inclusions. These membrane-bound inclusions are up to 10 gm in length and 1-2 gm in diameter, and they are composed of electron-dense lamellae 3.9 nm apart. Postembedding immunocytochemistry, using rabbit anti-porcine IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to 10 nm colloidal gold, revealed that both the granules and the crystalloid inclusions contained a high concentration of maternal IgG. Although the IgG content of the crystalloid inclusions was detected on epoxy-embedded sections, the use of LR White resin resulted in a much higher density of labelling. Quantification of the labelling density showed that the concentration of IgG in the crystalloid inclusions was approximately ten times higher than that in the lumenal colostrum and approximately three times higher than that in the granules. These observations showed that there are at least three compartments involved in the accretion of IgG in the small intestine of neonatal piglets: smaller apical endocytotic vesicles, large subnuclear granules and crystalloid inclusions. The role of these compartments in maternal immunoglobulin absorption and in the acquisition of passive immunity has yet to be explored.
The Histochemical Journal, 1993
Enterocytes of the small intestine in 1-day-old suckling piglets contain numerous vesicles in the apical cytoplasm and a large granule located beneath the nucleus. Within the next 3 days, these granules transform into electron-dense crystalloid inclusions. These membrane-bound inclusions are up to 10 gm in length and 1-2 gm in diameter, and they are composed of electron-dense lamellae 3.9 nm apart. Postembedding immunocytochemistry, using rabbit anti-porcine IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to 10 nm colloidal gold, revealed that both the granules and the crystalloid inclusions contained a high concentration of maternal IgG. Although the IgG content of the crystalloid inclusions was detected on epoxy-embedded sections, the use of LR White resin resulted in a much higher density of labelling. Quantification of the labelling density showed that the concentration of IgG in the crystalloid inclusions was approximately ten times higher than that in the lumenal colostrum and approximately three times higher than that in the granules. These observations showed that there are at least three compartments involved in the accretion of IgG in the small intestine of neonatal piglets: smaller apical endocytotic vesicles, large subnuclear granules and crystalloid inclusions. The role of these compartments in maternal immunoglobulin absorption and in the acquisition of passive immunity has yet to be explored.
Mechanisms involved in the development of the small intestine mucosal layer in postnatal piglets
Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 2018
The use of complementary visualization and measurement techniques allowed accurate description and quantification of changes in the intestinal mucosal architecture and provided a comprehensive outlook on the dynamics of remodelling and maturation processes of the mucosal layer taking place in the small intestine of piglets from birth to weaning. The aim of the study was to examine the early postnatal development of the small intestine in pigs. Three techniques were used: scanning electron microscopy (measurements of villus density and shape, height of enterocytes and microvilli, cell exfoliation, and location of extrusion zones), optical microscopy (cross section, measurement of structures: villus length and width; crypt depth; mucosal thickness), and confocal microscopy (cell localization, apoptosis, exfoliation and migration). The postnatal development of the mucosal layer of the small intestine was reflected in changes in the density, length, width, and shape of villi, crypt dept...
Small Ruminant Research, 2013
The present study investigated enterocyte ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy during IgG uptake in postnatal goat kids fed with colostrum. Six animals received 5% of body weight of goat colostrum at 0, 7 and 14 h of life and were randomly slaughtered at 18, 36 and 96 h (n = 2) for the collection of duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Two other animals were sampled immediately after birth without colostrum ingestion constituting a 0 h group. The enteric tissues were analyzed for ultrastructure enterocyte characteristics, immunocytochemistry labeling of immunoglobulin G (IgG), and microvillus height. In the duodenum, a large number of cytoplasmic organelles were observed. A dense network of tubular structures, the apical canalicular system (ACS), was observed only in the jejunum. At 0 h, large vacuoles without electron-dense material were present in the cytoplasm of the enterocytes in this segment. At 18 h, after the animals ingested three meals of colostrum, the vacuoles showed different sizes and were filled with electrondense material. Labeled IgG were observed in the vacuoles containing colostrum and in the apical cytoplasm. At 36 h, the ACS was still present as well as large vacuoles in the basal cytoplasm of the enterocytes and smaller vacuoles in the apical region. At 96 h, the ACS and vacuoles with electron-dense material were no longer present. In the ileum, the cytoplasm of enterocytes showed a reduced presence of organelles and, at 0 and 18 h, small vesicles were observed in the cytoplasm; however, they did not constitute a network of tubules. The ileum showed the lowest microvilli height (P < 0.05), suggesting lower surface area to absorption compared to duodenum and jejunum. The jejunum segment was responsible for the initial acquisition of passive immunity and in the duodenum and ileum, a reduced capacity of IgG uptake was observed. On the fourth day of life, the enterocytes were no longer able to absorb macromolecules, indicating the end of the ability to uptake immunoglobulins.
The Journal of nutrition, 2001
Uptake of colostrum just after birth is essential to stimulate intestinal growth and function, and in many species, including pigs, colostrum also provides immunological protection via the absorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG). In this study, intestinal growth, IgG absorptive capacity and enzyme activities were investigated in newborn pigs in response to different diets. Newborn piglets were bottle-fed porcine colostrum (PC), bovine colostrum (BC), porcine plasma (PP), porcine milk (PM), bovine colostrum containing porcine plasma (BCP) or a milk replacer (MR) every 3 h (15 mL/kg) for up to 2 d. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was added to the diets as a macromolecule marker. The percentage of absorbed BSA just after birth was highest for piglets fed the PC diet (30-50%), lower for those fed the BC and BCP diets (23-30%) and lowest for the PP, PM and MR diet-fed piglets (7-20%, P < 0.05 relative to those fed colostrum). Porcine IgG was absorbed more efficiently than bovine IgG. Intestin...
Journal of animal science, 2014
To test the hypothesis that the mucosal maturation of the small intestine is altered in low birth weight piglets, pairs of naturally suckled low birth weight (LBW, n = 20) and normal birth weight (NBW, n = 20) littermate piglets were selected and sampled after 0, 3, 10, and 28 d of suckling. In vivo intestinal permeability was evaluated via a lactulose-mannitol absorption test. Other indirect measurements for mucosal barrier functioning included sampling for histology and immunohistochemistry (intestinal trefoil factor [ITF]), measuring intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity, and immunoblotting for occludin, caspase-3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The lactulose-mannitol ratio did not differ between NBW and LBW piglets, but a significant increase in this ratio was observed in 28-d-old piglets (P = 0.001). Small intestinal villus height did not differ with age (P = 0.02) or birth weight (P = 0.20). In contrast, villus width (P = 0.02) and crypt depth (P < ...
Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 1992
In ungulates, intestinal absorption of maternal immunoglobulins from colostrum plays a vital role in the acquisition of passive immunity during early neonatal life. In the present study we used post-embedding colloidal gold labeling to examine the intracellular localization of IgG in the jejunal enterocytes of miniature piglets suckled for 2 hr. Quantitation of the immunolabeling revealed that the most sensitive technique for IgG detection was the streptavidin bridge-gold technique. In this method, the LR White-embedded sections were labeled sequentially with biotinylated anti-porcine IgG, streptavidin, and biotinylated BSA conjugated to 10-nm colloidal gold. With this approach, we found the following sequence of maternal IgG accumulation: passage of IgG from colostrum through the brush border; binding to the apical plasma membrane; uptake in noncoated pits and invaginations; transport in endocytotic vesicles; and accumulation in granules in the apical cytoplasm. (]Hisrochem Cytochem