A Driving Simulation Study Examining Destination Entry with iOS 5 Google Maps and a Garmin Portable GPS System (original) (raw)
Related papers
Glancing at personal navigation devices can affect driving
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI '09, 2009
Nowadays, personal navigation devices (PNDs) that provide GPSbased directions are widespread in vehicles. These devices typically display the real-time location of the vehicle on a map and play spoken prompts when drivers need to turn. While such devices are less distracting than paper directions, their graphical display may distract users from their primary task of driving. In experiments conducted with a high fidelity driving simulator, we found that drivers using a navigation system with a graphical display indeed spent less time looking at the road compared to those using a navigation system with spoken directions only. Furthermore, glancing at the display was correlated with higher variance in driving performance measures. We discuss the implications of these findings on PND design for vehicles.
2009
Nowadays, personal navigation devices (PNDs) that provide GPSbased directions are widespread in vehicles. These devices typically display the real-time location of the vehicle on a map and play spoken prompts when drivers need to turn. While such devices are less distracting than paper directions, their graphical display may distract users from their primary task of driving. In experiments conducted with a high fidelity driving simulator, we found that drivers using a navigation system with a graphical display indeed spent less time looking at the road compared to those using a navigation system with spoken directions only. Furthermore, glancing at the display was correlated with higher variance in driving performance measures. We discuss the implications of these findings on PND design for vehicles.
On-Road Evaluation of Destination Entry and Wayfinding Tasks: Comparisons Against Normal Driving
2011
While relative comparisons between "distracting" tasks (e.g. dialing a cell phone vs. talking on the cell phone) are useful, "normal driving" remains the benchmark for any task performed by the driver while a vehicle is in motion. Arguably, tasks that are less risky will result in observed patterns of driver behavior that are closer to those observed during normal driving. This paper describes the outcome of a study to compare destination entry and wayfinding across different navigation devices (with different input modalities) against epochs where the driver was not tasked with any other secondary or tertiary tasks (beyond occasional conversation with the experimenter). Results indicate some significant differences between destination entry tasks and normal driving, the magnitudes of which are mainly modulated by the input modality. Differences were less obvious during the navigation tasks, likely due to the intermittent nature of interactions with the navigation device in that context. Total eyes off-road time was also subjected to comparisons against previously published crash and nearcrash risk estimate models. The results suggest that, assuming confidence in the models, there may be differences in the levels of crash and near-crash risk associated with different navigation devices. The approach is presented as a potential additional metric to consider in assessing devices that are used by drivers in moving vehicles.
This study examined the effects of text entry and reading on drivers' eye glance behavior, as influenced by text length and presence of ambient text (i.e., text around targeted text). A simulator study was conducted with 28 drivers. The findings showed that text entry tasks required longer eyes-off-road (EOR) time than text reading tasks. The presence of ambient text also increased the total EOR time for text reading. Tasks with shorter text required shorter individual glances, but even the shortest text entry tasks resulted in long glances for those who entered text in large chunks. Thus, shortening the text length alone may not ensure safe glance behavior and other countermeasures may need to be considered.
Driving context and visual-manual phone tasks influence glance behavior in naturalistic driving
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2014
Naturalistic driving studies show that drivers engaged in complex visual-manual tasks face an increased risk of a crash or near-crash. Tasks that require many glances and a high proportion of long glances away from the road are of special concern for safety. Driving context (e.g. turning maneuvers, presence of lead or oncoming vehicles, vehicle speed) may also influence drivers' glance behavior during normal driving, since the drivers may have to estimate curvature and anticipate potential threats (e.g., lead vehicle braking). However, the effect of driving context on glance behavior during visual-manual tasks has not yet been thoroughly investigated in naturalistic driving. The extent to which drivers adapt their glance behavior to changes in the road environment during secondary tasks is likely to influence their ability to compensate for and respond to changes in the road environment. The present study investigated for the first time the effect of both driving context and visual-manual phone tasks (i.e., dialing, texting, reading) on drivers' glance behavior in naturalistic driving.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2010
An on-road driving experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of e-map format and subwindows on driving performance and glance behavior of navigation system users. Twenty-eight participants navigated an urban route using the navigation display with 2D or 3D e-maps and either with or without sub-windows. Driver navigation errors and visual glance data were gathered during the trials. The analytical results demonstrate no significant difference in driving performance between the 2D and 3D e-map conditions. However, use of a 3D e-map was associated with significantly more frequent glance behavior than the 2D display. Furthermore, subjects using the navigation display with a sub-window made significantly fewer navigation errors (50% less) compared to those using the navigation display without a sub-window. This investigation suggests that performance improves when using sub-windows. Finally, this study discusses wider implications in the design and use of navigation displays. Relevance to industry: We found that the e-map format is related to driver glance behavior when using an in-vehicle navigation display. The sub-window also provides substantial influence on driving performance and glance behavior. The results of our study will assist in designing in-vehicle navigation systems and improving the performance of navigation e-maps for path-finding tasks.
Individual glance strategies and their effect on the NHTSA visual
The purpose of this paper was to investigate how individual differences in glance strategy could impact the glance performance test defined in the NHTSA visual manual distraction guidelines. Better understanding of the test procedure could help development of new technology for safe driving. A custom in-vehicle information system was developed and assessed in a driving simulator by eighteen participants. The interfaces were designed according to recommendations in the NHTSA guidelines and contained manual radio-tuning tasks, sound settings tasks and six letter spelling tasks. Two of the six tested interfaces fully complied with the test. In addition, clear individual differences in glance strategy were found among the participants. Four individual glance strategies were identified. Two of these, long glancers and frequent glancers, highly affected the outcome of the compliance test. Participants belonging to the long glancers and the frequent glancers categories were identified as statistical outliers in many test cases. For example, if the individual values of these participants were replaced with sample mean, the number of complying interfaces would increase to five out of six, which is more in line with expectations for these interfaces. The results of this study show that individual variations in glance strategy exist. Also, these individual variations seem to have a non-negligible influence on the result when performancetesting of in-vehicle interfaces is done according to the NTHSA guidelines.