Evaluation of in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of selected medicinal plant extracts (original) (raw)
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This study aimed to assess the antitrypanosomal activity of leaf ethanolic extracts against Trypanosoma evansiexperimental infection. Seven medicinal plants: Camellia sinensis, Thymus vulgaris, Menthalongifolia, Azadirachta indica, Oleaeuropoea, Rosmarinus officinalis and Saliva officinalis, were selected based on information from traditional healers on their curative effect against parasites. They were investigated for phytochemical screening and antitrypanosomal properties. Results revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity in microtiter plates showed that all of them had pronouncedtrypanocidal effects and inhibited the growth of T. evansi that was observed either disappeared, dissected or non-motile within 10-60 min. of incubation except for O. europoea and R. officinalis which could not clear the parasites completely. Therefore, only five plants were evaluated for their in vitro extracts administration and in vivo against T. evansiexperimental infection. Haematological analysis of the infected and treated rats revealed a marked decline in hemoglobin, hematocrit, total red blood corpuscles, and anaemia persisted until the end of the experimental period. Whereas, the biochemical assay showed increased serum levels of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and decreased albumin, globulin, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerol and glucose in some treated groups. We concluded that S. officinalis followed by C. sinensis possess high antitrypanosomal activity compared to diminazene aceturate, and could be useful in the management of trypanosomiasis. Further study needed to claim and illuminate the phytochemical compounds responsible for this antitrypanosomal activity.
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2015
Trypanosoma brucei brucei, a haemo-protozoan parasite causes African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT). Khaya senegalensis (KS) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) are medicinal plants used either individually or in combination by local farmers in Northern Nigeria in the treatment of many diseases including trypanosomiasis. There is however, no information on the efficacy of the plants used in combination. In this study, the antitrypanosomal activity of combined methanolic stem bark extracts of K. senegalensis and A. leiocarpus were determined in vivo using suppressive and repository tests. The combined extracts were administered at 250 mg/kg to T. b. brucei infected rats in ratios 1:4, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2 and 4:1 (K. senegalensis to A. leiocarpus). Diminor ® (3.5 mg/kg) was positive control and Tween-80 the negative control. Trypanocidal activity was recorded in all four ratios with the highest in the 4:1 ratio for both tests. All ratios in repository test had varying levels of prophylactic activity which were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the negative control group. Chemo-prophylactic activity in the 4:1 ratio compared (p>0.05) favorably with the positive control. The extracts however had significantly lower (p<0.05) parasite suppressive activity compared to Diminor ® (100%). The 1:4 combinations had the lowest activity (4.35%). In the repository test, packed cell volume (PCV) levels varied in the groups with an increase as the quantity of K. senegalensis in the dose increased. The results therefore show that the antitrypanosomal activity and haemolytic effects of the extracts was dependent on the ratio of K. senegalensis to A. leiocarpus. A higher quantity of K. senegalensis provided a more effective prophylaxis and normal PCV. The use of a threefold quantity of K. senegalensis to A. leiocarpus in the local management of animal trypanosomiasis is therefore suggested.
Advances in Traditional Medicine, 2020
The Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, a disease that affects both humans and animals. Chemotherapy which forms the major means of control for the disease has several shortcomings such as limited efficacy and adverse side effects amongst others. Thus, motivating the search for better therapies. In this study, extracts of some tropical plants including the Acacia nilotica, Bombax buonopozense and Khaya senegalensis were evaluated for therapeutic and prophylactic potential in mouse model of experimental trypanosomiasis. Both diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride were included as reference drugs. Results showed that T. brucei caused an elevation in rat plasma indirect bilirubin and a reduction in rat plasma albumin and total protein which suggest mild hepatic dysfunction due to experimental infection. Data also revealed that the plant extracts significantly reduced the rat parasite burden both in the prophylaxis and therapeutic treatment groups when compared with the negative drug control. The infection and treatments had no adverse effect on the rat organ and body weights. The infection did not alter the activity of rat plasma ALT, AST and ALP compared with the administered extracts of A. nilotica and B. buonopozense. Further, the plant extracts ameliorated some trypanosomiasisinduced pathologies in treated rats compared with negative drug control. Taken together, findings do not only lend credence to the folkloric use of these plants for medicinal purposes but also suggest these plant extracts have potential to serve as alternative source of anti-parasitic agents particularly for the control of trypanosomiasis.
Anti-trypanosomal activity of African medicinal plants: A review update
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014
Ethnopharmacological relevance: African trypanosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by different species of trypanosomes that affect both human and livestock with devastating consequences in the continent. Most of the affected populations commonly use traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of the disease. Consequently, this prompted ethnopharmacological research activities on the anti-trypanosomal activity of a number of these African medicinal plants in order to validate their ethnomedicinal use. Furthermore, such studies could lead to the identification of chemical leads for the development of newer anti-trypanosomal agents from those plants. This review aims to provide updated information on the ethnopharmacological evidence of African medicinal plants with anti-trypanosomal activity. Methods: Literature was collected via electronic search (PubMed, Sciencedirect, Medline and Google Scholar) from published articles that report on the in vitro or in vivo anti-trypanosomal activity of plants that were collected from different parts of Africa. Results: African medicinal plants investigated for in vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal activity from January 1993 to October 2013 are systematically compiled and all the in vivo studies are critically discussed. A total of 264 plant species belonging to 79 families were investigated for anti-trypanosomal activity. However, only 48 bioactive anti-trypanosomal compounds were successfully isolated in pure forms. Furthermore, some of the plants were investigated for possible ameliorative effects on the trypanosome-induced pathological changes out of which 18 plants were reported to be effective while a few others were not. In spite of interesting preclinical ethnopharmacological evidence for antitrypanosomal activity, not a single African medicinal plant was investigated in a clinical study. Conclusion: Several African medicinal plants have demonstrated promising anti-trypanosomal effects but the studies on the anti-trypanosomal potentials of these plants are not taken beyond proof of concept stage. It is hoped that the article would stimulate future clinical studies because of the paucity of knowledge in this area.
In vivo antitrypanosomal evaluation of some medicinal plant extracts from Ogun state, Nigeria
Science World Journal, 2010
Morinda morindiodes and leaves of Tithonia diversifolia, Lippia multiflora, Ocimum gratissimum and Acalypha wilkesiana were investigated for antitrypanosomal activities in albino rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The plant extracts at 400mg/kg body weight (of rats) were administered once daily for 7 days in an established infection of 5 x 10 6 parasitaemia before starting treatment. There was significant reduction in parasitaemia (P< 0.05) on the 3 rd day of treatment in rats treated with Morinda morindiodes, Tithonia diversifolia and Acalypha wilkesiana but parasitaemia later increased till survival time. Morinda morindiodes , a plant well known for its potents antimalarial effect, has it root bark extracts exhibiting the highest value of mean survival time (12.6+0.7) days this study. The result may probably suggest reduction in parasite virulence by Morinda morindiodes root bark extract.
Evaluation of selected medicinal plants for their in vitro activity against trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis, Surra, sleeping sickness, African lethargy is a parasitic disease of people and animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and donkeys, caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosomabrucei and transmitted by the tsetse fly. The disease is characterized by severe anaemia, weight loss, reduced productivity, infertility and abortion, with death occurring in some animals during the acute phase of the disease. Off late, the parasite has gained resistance towards the conventional drugs. The vaccines currently used have low efficacy which lead to the development of alternative drugs. Natural drug from the plants are gaining popularity because of several advantages such as fewer side effect, better patient tolerance, relatively less expensive and its acceptance. Ethanol extracts of Punicagranatum and Catharanthusroseus and Ethyl acetate extracts of Ocimumtenuiflorum are tested for their potential in possessing the anti-trypanosomal activity. The extracts of these three plants were obtained through the solid-liquid extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. Thus obtained extracts were concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator and used for the In vitro studies. In vitro testing of these three extracts in three different concentrations of 20 mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 2 mg/ml in 10% DMSO was carried out in duplicates in 96 well micro titre plates on the blood infected with Trypanosomaevansi by Rapid matching method. Punicagranatum extract of 20mg/ml concentration was found to be most effective showing maximum decline in the motility of trypanosomes. Thin Layer Chromatography, carried out to screen and determine the compounds present in each extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and the bitter compounds.
Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Nigerian Plants and Their Constituents
Molecules, 2015
African trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease causing serious risks to the lives of about 60 million people and 48 million cattle globally. Nigerian medicinal plants are known to contain a large variety of chemical structures and some of the plant extracts have been screened for antitrypanosomal activity, in the search for potential new drugs against the illness. We surveyed the literatures on plants and plant-derived products with antitrypanosomal activity from Nigerian flora published from 1990 to 2014. About 90 plants were identified, with 54 compounds as potential active agents and presented by plant families in alphabetical order. This review indicates that the Nigerian flora may be suitable as a starting point in searching for new and more efficient trypanocidal molecules.
Potential anti-trypanosomal plants against African animal trypanosmiasis
The genus Trypanosoma, which is a flagellated protozoan, causes trypanosomiasis. The disease can be occurred in human and animals in Africa and South America. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) has a multidimensional impact in Africa. Treatment of AAT is currently facing a number of problems including toxicity of trypanocidal drugs and development of resistance by the parasites. These limitations have prompted the search for alternative active substances (such as of natural origin). There are many plants indicated for their use against the disease. In different ethnobotanical studies conducted in Africa, large number plants have been reported. Some of these plants has been tested and confirmed for their anti-trypanosmal activity against different species of trypanosome using in vivo and in vitro method. Different literatures were surveyed on antitrypanosomal activity published after the year 2005.
Eastern Journal of …, 2009
An in vivo study was carried out to determine the anti-typanosomal effect of aqueous extracts of the bark of Azadiracta indica (neem) in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-infected mice. The extracts were orally administered ad libitum twenty four hours post-infection for three days to mice after dose determination and toxicity testing. The effect of the extracts in trypanosome-infected mice was monitored for 20 days by determining changes in the packed cell volume (PCV), parasitemia levels and survival rate. The bark extracts of the neem plant did not show any acute toxicity to the uninfected animals because no significant effect on weight and PCV was recorded. However, infection with T. b. rhodesiense led to a decrease in weight and PCV, the decrease being more in those animals that were given water only and low doses of plant extracts. The extracts produced a dosedependent effect at delaying onset of parasites appearance in circulation, decreasing level of parasitemia and PCV. Treatment with 1000 mg/kg of plant extract was comparable to and in some cases more effective than suramin, a known trypanocidal drug.
Potential therapeutic use of herbal extracts in trypanosomiasis
Pathogens and Global Health, 2013
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of crude extracts from Handroanthus impetiginosa, Ageratum conyzoides, and Ruta graveolens on Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vitro. The results showed that the extracts caused significant toxicity in promastigotes and trypomastigotes. A significant decrease in the rate of cell invasion by pretreated trypomastigotes and promastigotes was also observed. The extracts caused a significant reduction of the multiplication of intracellular amastigotes of both parasites. Therefore, these herbal extracts may be potential candidates for the development of drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.