Beef extract for microbiological media from Tannery Solid waste (original) (raw)
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The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2021
Leather fleshings are the solid waste generated from the tannery industries and large-scale production of waste is associated with the land, air, and water pollution. Leather fleshings being rich in protein are most suitable for biomethanation. The main problem addressed in this research is the lime treatment of the tannery fleshings causing a high pH of 11-12 which unfavorable for methanogenesis. Therefore, the solution for this problem is achieved through mixing the ammonium salts as deliming agent to reduce the pH of leather fleshings. The key aim of this study is to utilize this waste from tanneries to the biogas yield as much as possible. The deliming process has been carried out using ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate with different proportion for 30 and 60 minutes time of treatment and the results obtained that 8.15-8.30 for 60 minutes of treatment and pH shows 8.54-8.75 for 30 minutes of treatment. Hence these conditions were feasible to the anaerobic digestion of tannery fleshings to produce biogas and methane. From the batch experiments R3(50:50) of cowdung and delimed fleshings and R4(25:75) of bio-digested slurry and delimed fleshings yielded highest biogas of 29.37 and 31.85 l/kg of fleshings.
Utilization of Limed Flesh Through Fat Extraction and Soap Preparation
European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Leather industry is an export oriented industry in Bangladesh and according to the Export Promotion Bureau, in the fiscal year 2017–2018 leather sector earned US$1.03 billion by exporting leather, leather products, and footwear [1] . But it is a matter of great concern that this industry produces lots of pollution which impacts on our environment immensely. Normally thousands of kg raw cattle hide converts into 200kg finished leather [2]. Leather processing (tanning) is a complex procedure comprising of several technological steps to shield the raw hide/skin against microbiological degradation as well as to stabilize collagen with defined tanning agents which produce a significant amount of waste. Wastes originate from all stages of leather manufacturing, such as tiny particles, residues from various tanning stages and reagents from different waste liquors comprising of cuttings of raw hides and skins , trimmings and shavings, fleshing residues, solid hair debris [3]. In this conver...
Biotransformation of bovine tannery fleshing into utilizable product with multifunctionalities
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 2020
Leather industries aim at the transformation of putrescible animal raw hides and skins into a stable non-putrescible material (leather), ultimately resulting in solid wastes generation. Storage of limed bovine fleshing, a predominant proteinaceous solid waste material from pre-tanning processes is highly discouraged due to their putrescible nature. Diversely, bio-conversion of solid waste into a saleable product could be achieved by bacterial fermentation process. Lactic acid (LA) fermentation with Delimed Bovine Tannery Fleshing (DBTF) by Lactobacillus plantarum was experimented; incubation time, tapioca flour and lactose were the three prime independent variables studied. Maximum LA production in steam cooked DBTF medium was achieved with pH 6; inoculum 12.5% (v/w); lactose 8.81% (w/w) and tapioca flour 8.9% (w/w) at 96 hours of fermentation. Initial yield of about 4.56 g/L of LA (p < .05), upon statistical manipulation of the medium composition marked up to 12.36 g/L, enabling 2.7-fold increase in the LA production with DBTF as a relatively cut-rate substrate. Fermentation resulted in Fermented Fleshing Flour (FFF) with marked protein level of 76.32% and lower fibre content. Formation of protein hydrolysates and new acid groups in FFF were authenticated via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses respectively. In situ acid (LA) generation and formation of protein hydrolysates/free amino acids during LA fermentation points to the antibacterial (against Gram-negative bacteria, followed by Gram-positive bacteria) and in vitro antioxidative properties with dose dependency, of FFF, favouring its possible utilization in aqua feed industries as a superior grade proteinaceous feed ingredient with inbuilt bio-functionalities." ARTICLE HISTORY
Effective Utilization of Leather Waste for Cultivation of Bacteria
Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 2016
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems associated with rapid industrialization in developing countries. Tanneries generate huge amount of solid waste. Leather waste has been utilized for land filling, preparation of boards, soil fertilizer and animal feed. In the present study, solid leather waste was hydrolyzed with acid and alkali. The tanning agent was removed from the hydrolysate. The hydrolysate was analyzed for protein/amino acid content. The hydrolysate along with agar was used as solid media (Leather Hydrolysate Agar) for the cultivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The significant growth of bacteria on leather hydrolysate agar shows the possible use of leather waste hydrolysate in the preparation of microbiological media as well as supplement to bacteriological media.
Recovery and utilization of proteinous wastes of leather making: a review
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/technology, 2011
Hides and skins, by-product of the meat industry is converted into a value added product namely leather by the tanners. Tanning essentially is the process of converting raw hides and skins into imputrescible substance. The tanning process has number of steps and generates significant quantities of by products and wastes. These solid and liquid wastes pose major environmental problem if not managed effectively. Large–scale production systems are adopted for leather processing in clusters and therefore, the industry receives focus of environmentalists and society. Consequently tremendous pressure is exerted by various pollution regulatory bodies. The hides and skins, after trimming, removal of flesh and fat, are treated with chemicals, which cross-link the collagen fibers to form a stable, durable material. The chemicals used may be derived from traditional vegetable products, or inorganic metal salts. During leather processing number of size reduction, leveling and purification operations are carried out which results in generation of untanned and tanned proteinous waste materials. In this paper, various recovery processes and utilization methodologies of proteinous solid wastes, emanating from leather processing operations prior to tanning is reviewed.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2009
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species isolated from limed and delimed tannery fleshings (TF) were evaluated for their fermentation efficiency and antibacterial property. The native LAB isolates efficiently fermented TF and resulted in a fermented mass with antioxidant properties, indicating their potential for effective eco-friendly bioconversion of TF. From among the LAB isolated, a proteolytic isolate showing better antimicrobial spectrum and reasonably good fermentation efficiency was identified as Enterococcus faecium HAB01 based on various biochemical and molecular tests. This isolate afforded a better degree of hydrolysis (81.36%) of TF than Pediococcus acidilactici (54.64%) that was previously reported by us. The bacteriocin produced by E. faecium was found to be antagonistic to several human pathogens including Listeria, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus and Salmonella. Further, E. faecium HAB01 bacteriocin was thermostable and had a molecular weight of around 5 kDa, apart from being stable at both acidic and alkaline conditions. The bacteriocin was unstable against proteases.
Bacterial composting of animal fleshing generated from tannery industries
2010
Animal fleshing (ANFL) is the major proteinaceous solid waste generated during the manufacture of leather, which requires to be disposed of by environmentally sound manner. This study reports about the treatment of ANFL into an organic compost and its effects on physiological parameters of different crops in a laboratory study. The ANFL was hydrolysed using Selenomonas ruminantium HM000123 and then the hydrolysed ANFL was mixed with cow dung and leaf litter for producing composted organic fertilizer (COF). The COF was characterized for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), and total organic carbon (TOC). The composting resulted in a significant reduction in pH, TOC and C:N ratio and an increase in TKN after 49 days in a compost reactor. Scanning electron microscope and FT-IR were used to analyse the hydrolysis of intra structural ANFL matrix and changes in the functional groups, respectively, in initial and final day COF. Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis was carried out for the raw mixture and COF samples to identify the weight loss under the nitrogen environment. The relative seed germination was found to be 94% in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), 92% in green gram (Vigna radiata), 86% in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.) and 84% in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using the extracts of COF. The results indicate that the combination of both hydrolysis and bacterial composting reduced the overall time required for composting and producing a nutrient-enriched compost product.
Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2017
Lactic acid bacteria species naturally present in fish (Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus gallinarum) and formic acid were compared for production of fish silage, which are protein hydrolysates with immune stimulating properties. It is the first report for Enterococcus gallinarum to be used for producing fermented products. In this study, chemical and microbiological qualities of fish silage by acid or fermented methods were assessed after ripening of silages. It was observed that ripening was completed in maximum two weeks for all silage groups. Then, acid and fermented fish silage were spray dried and analysed for chemical and nutritional properties. As results of the study, these bacteria can be used as starter cultures in fermented products, especially for fish silage. In respect to essential/nonessential amino acid ratio (E/NE), the best groups among the spray-dried fish silages were prepared with formic acid, Lb. plantarum and Pd. acidilactici, respectively. Total antioxidant activity (TAO) of spray-dried fish silage was compared with ascorbic acid and TAO of spray-dried fish silages was found in range of 1.92-2.86 mg AA/g. The highest DPPH (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging ability of spray-dried fish silages was detected in AC group produced with Pediococcus acidilactici (20.26%) and GL group produced with Enterococcus gallinarum (16.95%), but there were no significant differences observed in other groups. According to the in-vitro gas production assessment, spray-dried fish silages generally had considerably high rate of digestibility. It was determined that the acid and fermented fish silage powders had high digestibility and valuable feed sources according to the results of the proximate analysis, amino acids compositions, total antioxidants, DPPH inhibition rates and in-vitro digestibility assessments.