The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease (original) (raw)

Implications of Gut Microbiota in Complex Human Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021

Humans, throughout the life cycle, from birth to death, are accompanied by the presence of gut microbes. Environmental factors, lifestyle, age and other factors can affect the balance of intestinal microbiota and their impact on human health. A large amount of data show that dietary, prebiotics, antibiotics can regulate various diseases through gut microbes. In this review, we focus on the role of gut microbes in the development of metabolic, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune diseases and, cancer. We also discuss the interaction between gut microbes and the host with respect to their beneficial and harmful effects, including their metabolites, microbial enzymes, small molecules and inflammatory molecules. More specifically, we evaluate the potential ability of gut microbes to cure diseases through Fecal Microbial Transplantation (FMT), which is expected to become a new type of clinical strategy for the treatment of various diseases.

The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier

Over the last 10–15 years, our understanding of the composition and functions of the human gut microbiota has increased exponentially. To a large extent, this has been due to new 'omic' technologies that have facilitated large-scale analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of this microbial community, revealing it to be comparable in influence to a new organ in the body and offering the possibility of a new route for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, it might be more accurate to think of it like an immune system: a collection of cells that work in unison with the host and that can promote health but sometimes initiate disease. This review gives an update on the current knowledge in the area of gut disorders, in particular metabolic syndrome and obesity-related disease, liver disease, IBD and colorectal cancer. The potential of manipulating the gut microbiota in these disorders is assessed, with an examination of the latest and most relevant evidence relating to antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols and faecal microbiota transplantation.

Human Gut Microbiota: Toward an Ecology of Disease

Frontiers in microbiology, 2017

Composed of trillions of individual microbes, the human gut microbiota has adapted to the uniquely diverse environments found in the human intestine. Quickly responding to the variances in the ingested food, the microbiota interacts with the host via reciprocal biochemical signaling to coordinate the exchange of nutrients and proper immune function. Host and microbiota function as a unit which guards its balance against invasion by potential pathogens and which undergoes natural selection. Disturbance of the microbiota composition, or dysbiosis, is often associated with human disease, indicating that, while there seems to be no unique optimal composition of the gut microbiota, a balanced community is crucial for human health. Emerging knowledge of the ecology of the microbiota-host synergy will have an impact on how we implement antibiotic treatment in therapeutics and prophylaxis and how we will consider alternative strategies of global remodeling of the microbiota such as fecal tr...

The Interaction between the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - New Developments [Working Title], 2021

The world is experiencing an increase in chronic diseases like diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes preceding disease like gestational diabetes. Most of these diseases can be prevented and mitigated if individuals pay attention to the causative factors. One of such factors is the type of microorganisms in an individual’s gut. Even though there are innate beneficial microorganisms in the human gut, pathogenic microorganisms can invade the gut, changing the inborn population of the gut microbiota. The changes in the gut microbiota population have been linked to several diseases. This chapter, therefore, describes gut microbiota and their interaction with specific diseases. Also discussed in this chapter are the changes to gut microbiota composition that pose a risk to the host. There is substantial evidence that diseases are initiated or worsened with a change in the gut microbiota composition. Therefore, the gut microbiota play...

Gut Microbiome and Human Health

LUPINE, 2018

The human gut microbiota is given as an especially complicated microbial community that are formed to possess a significant impact on human physiology. Additionally, comparative analysis of individual human gut microbiota has discovered numerous methods that the microbiota use to regulate to the enteric surroundings. Infections of the alimentary canal are a significant pathological state for each adults and children worldwide. Alterations within the traditional human gut microflora lead to the event of enteric upsets. Infective bacterium alters the enteric biology and enteric organization resistance. A healthy gastrointestinal microbiota forms a barrier against invasive organisms. Traditional enteric microbes and a few probiotic bacterium will enhance the host's defense mechanisms against pathogens. They'll additionally improve enteric immunity by adhering to the enteric tissue layer and stimulating native immune responses. The upkeep of a balanced enteric biology improves the ability to preserve enteric integrity. The cancer patient microbiota is completely different from healthy one, conjointly the chemotherapy received by the cancer patient have an effect on the microbiota and may cause different sickness.

Human gut microbiota in health and disease: Unveiling the relationship

Frontiers in Microbiology

The human gut possesses millions of microbes that define a complex microbial community. The gut microbiota has been characterized as a vital organ forming its multidirectional connecting axis with other organs. This gut microbiota axis is responsible for host-microbe interactions and works by communicating with the neural, endocrinal, humoral, immunological, and metabolic pathways. The human gut microorganisms (mostly non-pathogenic) have symbiotic host relationships and are usually associated with the host’s immunity to defend against pathogenic invasion. The dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is therefore linked to various human diseases, such as anxiety, depression, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. The mechanism leading to the disease development has a crucial correlation with gut microbiota, metabolic products, and host immune response in humans. The understanding of mechanisms over gut microbiota exerts its positive ...

Gut Microbiota and Its Pathophysiology in Disease Paradigms

Digestive Diseases, 2011

The gut flora carries out important functions for human health, although most of them are still unknown, and an alteration of any of them, due to a condition of dysbiosis, can lead to relevant pathological implications. Commensal bacteria in the gut are essential for the preservation of the integrity of the mucosal barrier function and an alteration in the anatomic functional integrity of this barrier has been implicated in the pathophysiologic process of different diseases. The gut microflora plays a role in modulating the intestinal immune system; in fact, it is essential for the maturation of gut-associated lymphatic tissue, the secretion of IgA and the production of antimicrobial peptides. The enteric flora represents a potent bioreactor which controls several metabolic functions, even if most of them are still unknown. The main metabolic functions are represented by the fermentation of indigestible food substances into simple sugars, absorbable nutrients, and short-chain fatty ...

Gut Microbiota on Human Health, Disease and Attainment of the Human Gut Microbiota

2020

Over 100 trillion symbiotic microorganisms live on and within human beings and have a diverse function in human health and disease. But there are a variety of environmental and other factors that affect intestinal microbial dysbiosis, which has a close relationship with human health and disease. The pathogen microbes colonize intestinal mucosa this leading in the induction of a strong inflammatory response, followed by the translocation of the intestinal bacteria into other parts of the body. The imbalance of intestinal microbiota influences the production of immune mediators and stimulates both chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. The wall of the bowel is highly permeable, and this leads to bacteria and/or endotoxin translocation, and it is an important stimulus for inflammatory cytokine that causes chronic heart failure. The variations of the microbiota are directly associated with the pathogenesis of other diseases, such as food allergies, severe asthma, autism, and de...