POTENTIATION OF ANTICOAGULANT TOXICITY TO Rattus rattus BY TWO (original) (raw)
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Toxicity of Two Anticoagulant Rodenticides to Rodent Species under Laboratory Conditions
A laboratory evaluated of 2 anticoagulant rodenticides, Kelerat super (Brodifacoum 0.005%) and Caid (Chlorophacinone 0.005%) against three rodent species, Rattus rattus frugivorus, Rattus rattus alexandrinus and Nile grass rat, A. niloticus fed on poison bait for 3 days, 4 days and 5 days. Results indicated that Kelerat was the most effective ones followed by Caid. The dead period for Caid was longer than in the case of Kelerat. It was found that there was a significant difference in the animal consumption of the tested rodenticide baits for rodent species. Also, significant difference in rodenticides consumed by males and females.
Journal of Hygiene, 1984
The efficacy of three anticoagulant rodenticides for use against the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga, was evaluated in the laboratory. The poisons, namely warfarin, bromadiolone and brodifacoum, were all found to be toxic enough at the concentrations normally used against other commensal and field rodents. With brodifacoum (0-00125%), bromadiolone (0005%) and warfarin (0025%), 83% of the animals died respectively after 1, 1 and 6 days' feeding. It is suggested that brodifacoum and bromadiolone might be more economical than warfarin for use in practical rodent control.
Laboratory evaluation of anticoagulant treated baits against Indian field mouse,Mus booduga Gray
Proceedings: Animal Sciences
The toxicity of warfarin «}025 %), bromadiolone «}OO5 %) and brodifacoum «}OO5~~) to the Indian field mouse, Mus booduqa Gray was determined. A single feeding of bromadiolone or brodifacoum resulted in 83 % mortality, while the same mortality was obtained with warfarin only after 6 days of continuous feeding. A single day feeding ofa single dose chronic poison was effective against M. booduqa than multiple dose chronic rodenticide.
Comparative evaluation of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides against Mus musculus
An investigation was carried out at the Animal House cum Rodent Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during 2013-14 to evaluate the efficacy of four anticoagulant rodenticides against commensal rodent, Mus musculus. The efficacy of anticoagulant rodenticides viz., brodifacoum, flocoumafen and difenacoum along with bromadiolone were evaluated against Mus musculus under no-choice and choice feeding trial. In both choice and no-choice feeding trials the efficacy of brodifacoum (0.005%) wax block was significantly better than flocoumafen (0.005%) and difenacoum (0.005%) but at par with bromadiolone (0.005%). In no-choice feeding trial, 100 per cent mortality was achieved with brodifacoum and bromadiolone within 4-7 days observation period but significantly lower mortality was recorded in flocoumafen (80%) and difenacoum (60%). The wax block formulation of difenacoum showed poor palatability as more consumption of plain bait was recorded over poison bait against test animals. Under no-choice test, the poison ingested between male and female were not significant in case of all the toxicants. The consumption of poison bait by the test animals of both the sexes under choice test was reduced in comparison to no-choice test because of availability of an alternate plain food along with the poison bait. The post treatment consumption of bait was significantly lower in case of brodifacoum and bromadiolone in comparison to flocoumafen and difenacoum. This shows the effectiveness of these two rodenticides viz. brodifacoum and bromadiolone against rodent species.
Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2018
The lack of a standardized protocol makes it difficult to compare studies on the efficacy of commercial rodenticides. To contribute to the knowledge of pest control technology, we compared the efficacy of 17 commercial baits with different active ingredients and types of formulation from various commercial suppliers, using a standardized efficacy protocol under laboratory conditions. All rats died in all experimental groups. First deaths occurred 3 days after the beginning of the trial; average survival varied between 4.17 ± 0.12 days (difethialone wax blocks) and 5.96 ± 0.35 days (difenacoum pellets). Results showed no consistent pattern of time to death according to active ingredient and type of formulation. For bromadiolonebased baits, the grains induced significantly shorter time to death than wax blocks and the individuals fed on wax blocks varied the consumption rate according to the commercial supplier, while those consuming grains showed more homogeneous values. Our results show that although mortality was 100% efficacy differed among baits. These differences could be explained by the combination of the formulation type and commercial supplier rather than by the active ingredient itself.
The susceptibility of the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga gray, to anticoagulant rodenticidal baits
Pesticide Science, 1988
The baseline susceptibility of the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga was established for warfarin, bromadiolone and brodifacoum by means of nochoice feeding tests. The mice were found to be more susceptible to the second generation anticoagulants bromadiolone (0.005 g kg -' ) and brodifacoum (0.002 g kg-') than warfarin (0-25 g kg-'). They required 8-10 days feeding on warfarin (0.25 g kg-') diet for complete mortality. A feeding period of 8 days corresponding to 99 % mortality was suggested as a checking test for registering future warfarin resistance in suspect samples of M. booduga.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
The extensive use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) results in widespread unintentional exposure of non-target rodents and secondary poisoning of predators despite regulatory measures to manage and reduce exposure risk. To elucidate on the potential vectoring of ARs into surrounding habitats by non-target small mammals, we determined bromadiolone prevalence and concentrations in rodents and shrews near bait boxes during an experimental application of the poison for 2 weeks. Overall, bromadiolone was detected in 12.6% of all small rodents and insectivores. Less than 20 m from bait boxes, 48.6% of small mammals had detectable levels of bromadiolone. The prevalence of poisoned small mammals decreased with distance to bait boxes, but bromadiolone concentration in the rodenticide positive individuals did not. Poisoned small mammals were trapped up to 89 m from bait boxes. Bromadiolone concentrations in yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) were higher than concentrations in bank vole (Myodes glareolus), field vole (Microtus agrestis), harvest mouse (Micromys minutus), and common shrew (Sorex araneus). Our field trials documents that chemical rodent control results in widespread exposure of non-target small mammals and that AR poisoned small mammals disperse away from bating sites to become available to predators and scavengers in large areas of the landscape. The results suggest that the unintentional secondary exposure of predators and scavengers is an unavoidable consequence of chemical rodent control outside buildings and infrastructures.
Challenges of Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Resistance and Ecotoxicology
Pesticides in the Modern World - Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment, 2011
Control of rodent pests worldwide relies heavily on the use of rodenticides. In the 40s', O'Connor (1948) isolated and first suggested the use of dicoumarol (a naturally occurring substance responsible for the "sweet clover disease" in cattle) as a rodenticide. In the early 50s', anticoagulant rodenticides (warfarin and later indane-dione derivatives) replaced the acute poisons with great success. It is well known that Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are very suspicious to new, unfamiliar items in their environment (neophobia) and may eat only a small, non-lethal dose of a new bait. If they survive, they learn to avoid the bait. This phenomenon is also known as food aversion (Lund, 1972). Neophobia may also extend to bait boxes and traps when first introduced in the rat environment. Unlike rats, house mice do not exhibit neophobia (Bonnefoy et al, 2008). As Anticoagulant (or anti-vitamine K AVK) compounds are cumulative, small amounts ingested daily will eventually lead to the consumption of a lethal dose. In the early 60s', massive use of these first generation AVK was considered a great opportunity to reduce or even eradicate rat populations from many areas at that time, despite their behavioral traits. First-generation AVK include warfarin, coumafuryl, coumachlor, coumatetralyl, diphacinone, pindone and chlorophacinone (Bentley, 1972). Unfortunately, a first detection of a resistant strain of rats was reported in Scotland in 1958, followed by similar reports in other areas in Europe: Wales, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany (Lund, 1972). At the same time, Brooks and Bowerman (1973) tested several strains of Norway rats from New York City and confirmed that warfarin resistance was also common among rat populations heavily treated with warfarin in the US. The World Health Organization (WHO) rapidly recognized this event and suggested some guidelines for the rapid detection of resistant rodent, based on feeding tests (Drummond and Rennison, 1973). Pelz et al. (2005) published a survey of countries reporting resistance in commensal rodents (2005). The major findings are described in Table 1 below. Recently, warfarin resistance has also been reported in another rat species: the Lesser Ricefield rat (Rattus losea) (Wang et al., 2008). Rodent species can develop complex behavioral patterns and one of this is considered to be "behavioral resistance". There is evidence, for instance in the roof rat, that animals can learn to avoid toxic baits (Leung and Clark, 2005). This complex approach has not been given full attention and will not be developed in this review.
International Biodeterioration, 1987
Three anticoagulant rodenticides, warfarin, bromadiolone and brodifacoum, were evaluated in the laboratory for their activity against the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga. In oral intubation studies M.booduga was found to be more susceptible to bromadiolone and brodifacoum than warfarin. Feeding studies with 0.005% bromadiolone and brodifacoum baits produced 83% mortality after a single day's feeding while a similar mortality was achieved with 0.025% warfarin only after 6 days of consecutive feeding. The anticoagulant baits were less palatable than the plain (unpoisoned) bait. Laboratory feeding tests confirmed that 0.005% of the active ingredient would be an effective bait concentration for field use of both bromadiolone and brodifacoum. The single-feed potency of bromadiolone and brodifacoum indicate that these rodenticides may be more effective and economical than warfarin in the field.